Class notes

Kidneys Notes - Applied Human Physiology

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Course
Physiology (BIOL2521)

Institution
Durham University (DUT)

Kidneys lecture notes for BIOL2521 Integrated Physiological Systems (previously Applied Physiology) at Durham University. Covers functions, organisation, structure and processes (filtration, reabsorption and secretion). Received a 1:1 on this module.

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Uploaded on August 4, 2020
Number of pages 8
Written in 2018/2019
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Susan pyner, gillian campling
Contains All classes

biology
biological sciences
biomedical sciences
physiology
applied physiology
human physiology
applied human physiology
kidneys
nephron
physiological systems
systems b
integrated physiological systems

Institution
Durham University (DUT)
Education
Biological Sciences
Course
Physiology (BIOL2521)

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Functions:

 Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemical
 Regulation of water/electrolyte balance
 Regulation of body fluid osmolality and electrolyte concentrations
 Regulation of acid-base balance

Organisation of the Kidneys

 Two kidneys (left kidney slightly higher in humans)
 Hilum containing...
o Ureter
o Renal artery and vein, dividing into...
 Interlobular arteries and veins
 Glomerular and peritubular capillaries (separated by efferent arterioles)
o Lymphatics
o Nerves
 Tough fibrous capsule around outside for protection
 Outer cortex
 Inner medulla
o Renal pyramids tipped with papillas
o Cortex-medulla border (where renal artery divides into many arterioles)
o Renal pelvis
 Major and minor calyces collect urine from the tubules of each papilla

Nephron

 Functional unit of the kidneys
 Made up of...
o Glomerelus (glomerular capillaries)
o Long tubule (segments)
o Cortex
 Proximal tubule
 Distal tubule
 Macula densa (specialised epithelial cells)
 Involved in sensing GFR via the concentration of NaCl in the
filtrate
 Bowman's capsule (surrounds glomerelus)
 Connecting tubule
 Cortical collecting tubule
o Medulla
 Loop of Henle (descending and ascending limbs)
 Medullary collecting tubule
 Collecting duct
 Not regenerated so ageing causes loss of nephrons
 Renal corpuscle: glomerelus + Bowman's capsule

,  Cortical collecting ducts join to form medullary collecting ducts join to form
collecting duct
 Cortical nephrons
o Short loops of Henle
o Short distance into medulla
o Peritubular capillaries
 Juxtamedullary nephrons
o Long loops of Henle
o Deep into medulla
o Long efferent arterioles
o Specialised peritubular capillaries
 Vasa recta
 Concentrated urine

Processes

 Glomerular filtration
o Movement of fluid from blood into lumen of nephron
o Pass through three layers
 Glomerular capillary wall
 Single layer of flattened endothelial cells
 Fenestrations
 Very permeable to water
 Basement membrane
 No cells
 Collagen for strength
 Glycoproteins negatively charged and repels plasma proteins
(negatively charged)
 After vigorous exercise, proteins may enter urine due to high
blood pressure
 Inner layer of Bowman's capsule
 Podocytes: cells of the capsule in direct contact with the
capillaries
 Filtration slits
 Fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries enter lumen of
Bowman's capsule
o Layers function as fine molecular sieve
o Filtrate contains water, electrolytes, waste, nutrients, but NOT plasma proteins
or red blood cells
o Blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is the major force involved
 Also involves plasma-colloid osmotic pressure and Bowman's capsule
hydrostatic pressure
 These oppose filtration but blood pressure ensures net favoured
filtration
o Glomerular filtration rate = Kf * net filtration pressure
 Relatively constant
 Blood pressure fluctuates but autoregulation adjusts afferent arteriole
diameter

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