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Russian History A-level revision notes (A* grade) $11.66
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Russian History A-level revision notes (A* grade)

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  • AQA A-level History: Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964

Detailed revision notes for the years in Russia for History A-level. These notes helped me get an A* for History A-level. Sourced from my class notes, AQA history textbooks, and reliable online websites. These notes are all you need to get A* Russian History essays and will make revising way easie...

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  • August 22, 2020
  • 19
  • 2020/2021
  • Study guide

Subjects

  • russian history
  • a level history
  • a level russian history
  • history revision notes
  • a level history breadth study
  • a level history revision notes

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  • AQA
  • History
  • Breadth study
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Key
AII = Alexander II/ AIII = Alexander III/ NII = Nicholas II
SR’s = Socialist Revolutionaries
SD’s = Social Democrats
B’s = Bolsheviks
M’s = Mensheviks
L = Lenin

Nicholas II like as a ruler
o Accepted inheritance as God-given + set out to rule in ‘Romanov way’- asserting against demands of growing
reform movement.
o Tutored by Pobedonostsev- taught any signs of weakness would be indications of cowardice/failure.
o Committed to Orthodoxy- ensured Church maintained powerful influence.
o Continued Russification + support for ‘Black hundreds’ (Right-Wing + anti-Semitic).
o No more popular with ethnic minorities then Alexander III.

Increased unrest after 1894
o Russia society became more politicized after Great Famine (1891-1892).
 Over-bureaucratic government failed to cope- Zemstva left to provide relief work- bred scorn/despair.
o Greater public mistrust of others + firmer belief in power of ordinary people played role in nation’s affairs.
o New outbursts of trouble in Russian unis.
 E.g. 1901- squadron of Cossacks charged at students in St Petersburg- killed 13 + 1500 students imprisoned.
o 1902-1907 widespread disturbances in towns and countryside.
 Arson in rural countryside- ‘years of the red cockerel’.
 Unrest worst in central Russia provinces where landlord/peasant relationship still traditional.
 Spread to Georgia, Ukraine and Poland.
 Peasants set fire to landlord’s barns/destroyed grain/seized woodlands/physically attacked.

Regime + opposition
o Stolypin (Tsar’s minister) dealt with disturbances with ferocity- aggravated situation further.
 Peasants flogged, arrested, exiled or shot in 1000s.
o 1901-Obukhov factory (St Petersburg)- violent clashes between armed police + whip-carrying Cossacks.
o 1900- chief of Okhrana in Moscow (Zubatov) organised own police sponsored Trade Union with approval of
governor General of Moscow (Grand Duke Sergei)- attempt to control proliferation of illegal unions.
 Aimed to provide official channels for complaints to be heard to prevent workings joining radical socialists.
 Experiment lasted till 1903- Zubatov dismissed + exiled after 1 of his unions involved in Odessa General Strike.
 Another union on Zubatov model- Assembly of St Peterburg Factory Workers 1904- Father Gapon.
 Approved by Plehve (NII’s Minister of Internal affairs) + had support of Orthodox Church.

Impact of Russo-Japanese war
o Embarrassing defeat to Asiatic power added to view Tsarist government was incompetent.
 Expectations high thus disappointment greater.
 Russia fielded largest forces ever assembled in their history with no victory.
 Press coverage of war unprecedented- defeats high profile humiliating.
 Autocracy based on military power, yet Russia was defeated by supposedly racially inferior people.
o Different situation from Crimean War- 3 substantial opposition movements:
 Middle class Zemstvo Liberals, Marxists + SRs- ready to take advantage of any sign of weakness by autocracy.
 Previous wars didn’t lead to revolution/give rise to such pressure from below for change.
o Tsar had to agree to humiliating peace treaty (Treaty of Portsmouth) with Japanese after destruction of Baltic
Fleet.
 After treaty many troops had to walk home- some didn't survive journey.
 Defeat led to Potemkin mutiny June 1905.
o Liberals pressed for National Assembly.
 NII maintained it was his God-given power + refused to change system but expanded rights of Zemstva.
o Resources diverted to war had lessened the already limited supply of grain + fuel.
o 1904 Plehve assassinated in a terrorist bomb attack.

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