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NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE / NSG5003 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE (LATEST- 2020): ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: SOUTH UNIVERSITY $15.49   Add to cart
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NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE / NSG5003 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE (LATEST- 2020): ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: SOUTH UNIVERSITY

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NSG 5003 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE / NSG5003 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE (LATEST- 2020): ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: SOUTH UNIVERSITY

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  • August 25, 2020
  • 16
  • 2020/2021
  • Study guide

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  • nsg 5003 midterm exam study guide nsg5003 midterm exam study guide latest 2020 advanced pathophysiology south university

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  • SOUTH UNIVERSITY
  • NSG5003: ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NSG5003)
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NSG 5003 Midterm Exam Study Guide


Form of necrosis a/w TB? Caseous

Most common cause of cellular injury? Hypoxia

Acid- pH <7.35 Base- pH >7.45

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation is the
mechanism by which energy produced from carbs fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.

Hypotonic solution causes cellular swelling- D5W (dextrose in water), D51/2NS (5% dextrose
and 0.45%NS), 1/2NS (0.45%NS), D51/4NS( 5% dextrose and 0.2%NS), 1/4NS (0.2%NS)

Hypertonic solution causes cellular shrinkage- 3%NS “ocean water”

Isotonic solution- LR, NS, D5NS

Heat exhaustion- hemoconcentration from water and salt loss

Water moves between the ICF and ECF compartments by osmosis. Water moves between the
plasma and interstitial fluid by osmosis and hydrostatic pressure, which can occur across the
capillary membrane.

Hypokalemia- potassium <3.5 can be caused by reduced K+ intake, increased ICF to ECF K+
concentration, loss of K+, increased aldosterone secretion and increased renal secretion. S/S:
decreased neuromuscular excitability, skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, cardiac
dysrhythmias.

Greatest carrier to push K+ back into the cell? Insulin

Hypernatremia- Na+ > 147, can be caused by sodium gain or water loss. Movement of H20
from ICF to ECF. S/S: dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia.
TX: Isotonic salt-free fluids

,Hyponatremia- Na+ < 135, can be caused by Na+ deficits leading to plasma hypoosmolality
and cellular swelling. S/S: lethargy, HA, confusion, apprehension, seizures, and coma. TX: fluid
restriction, NaCl tablets

Physical barriers? Skin, Ex: epithelial cells

Mechanical barrier? Mucous membrane

Biochemical barrier? Epithelial surfaces. Ex: mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, earwax

Vascular injury is an acute inflammation that includes, vasodilation, increased capillary
permeability, and WBC adherence to inner vessel walls and their migration through vessel walls.
S/S/: redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to
12 hours after the initial injury, where they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular
debris.

Another population of granulocytes is the eosinophil. Eosinophils have two specific functions:
(1) they serve as the body’s primary defense against parasites and (2) they help regulate vascular
mediators released from mast cells. The second function, regulation of mast cell–derived
inflammatory mediators, is a critical function of eosinophils.

The basophil is the least prevalent granulocyte in the blood. It is very similar to mast cells in the
content of its granules and, in addition, is an important source of the cytokine IL-4, which is a
key regulator of the adaptive immune response. Although often associated with allergies and
asthma, its primary role is yet unknown.



The monocyte/macrophage is the predominant phagocyte in the late inflammatory response, is
highly phagocytic, is responsive to cytokines, and promotes wound healing.

Which statement is true regarding generation of clonal diversity? It occurs in primary lymphoid
organs

, Active acquired immunity (active immunity) is produced by an individual either after natural
exposure to an antigen or after immunization, whereas passive acquired immunity (passive
immunity) does not involve the host’s immune response at all. Rather, passive immunity occurs
when preformed antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to the recipient. This
can occur naturally, as in the passage of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the fetus, or
artificially, as in a clinic using immunotherapy for a specific disease.


What is a foreign or non-self-substance? Antigen

IgE? Primary cause of common allergies

Examples of alloimmune diseases- Grave’s Disease, Myasthenia Gravis, Immune
thrombocytopenia purpura, alloimmune neutropenia, and SLE.

Hypersensitivity reactions require sensitization against a particular antigen that results in primary
and secondary immune responses. An individual is sensitized when an adequate amount of
antibodies or T cells is available to cause a noticeable reaction on re-exposure to the antigen.


Immunogenicity: The ability of pathogens to induce an immune response

Infectivity: The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host

Pathogenicity: The ability of an agent to produce disease—success depends on communicability,
infectivity, extent of tissue damage, and virulence

Virulence: The capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease—for example, measles virus is of
low virulence; rabies virus is highly virulent

Why antibiotic resistance occurs? Antibiotic resistance is usually a result of one of four general
mechanisms resulting from genetic mutations that can be transmitted directly to neighboring
microorganisms by plasmid exchange.

 One mechanism microorganisms commonly develop is the capacity to inactivate
antibiotics
 Other forms of resistance result from modification of the target molecule

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