In deze samenvatting staat alle stof uitgelegd die besproken wordt in de colleges statistiek van de premaster Communicatiewetenschap. Alle manieren van beschrijvende en toetsende statistiek worden hierin besproken. Er wordt o.a. aangegeven wanneer je welke analyse inzet en hoe je deze uitvoert. Ook...
,Inhoudsopgave
BESCHRIJVENDE STATISTIEK........................................................................................................................... 4
ONAFHANKELIJKE EN AFHANKELIJKE VARIABELE............................................................................................ 5
VORM VAN EEN VERDELING........................................................................................................................... 5
SYMBOLEN.................................................................................................................................................... 6
MEETNIVEAUS............................................................................................................................................... 7
NOMINAAL...............................................................................................................................................................7
ORDINAAL................................................................................................................................................................7
INTERVAL.................................................................................................................................................................7
RATIO......................................................................................................................................................................7
UNI-, BI EN MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES............................................................................................................ 8
UNIVARIATE ANALYSE.................................................................................................................................................8
BIVARIATE ANALYSE...................................................................................................................................................8
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSE.............................................................................................................................................8
UNIVARIATE ANALYSE: GRAFISCH EN NUMERIEK BESCHRIJVEN......................................................................9
GRAFISCH EEN KWALITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN.....................................................................................................9
Staafdiagram (bar chart).................................................................................................................................9
Taartdiagram (piechart)..................................................................................................................................9
Boxplot...........................................................................................................................................................10
GRAFISCH EEN KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN................................................................................................10
Histogram......................................................................................................................................................10
NUMERIEK EEN KWALITATIEVE OF KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELE BESCHRIJVEN.......................................................................12
Frequentietabel.............................................................................................................................................12
Centrummaten..............................................................................................................................................12
Spreidingsmaten............................................................................................................................................13
RELATIEVE POSITIE....................................................................................................................................... 15
PERCENTIELSCORES..................................................................................................................................................15
Z-SCORES...............................................................................................................................................................15
OUTLIERS..................................................................................................................................................... 17
OUTLIERS BEPALEN MET BOXPLOT..............................................................................................................................17
OUTLIERS BEPALEN MET Z-SCORES.............................................................................................................................17
SAMENHANGSMATEN BIJ KWALITATIEVE VARIABELEN................................................................................18
KRUISTABELANALYSE................................................................................................................................................18
CHI KWADRAAT.......................................................................................................................................................19
CRAMERS V............................................................................................................................................................21
KENDALLS RANGCORRELATIE......................................................................................................................................22
SPEARMANS RANGCORRELATIE...................................................................................................................................23
COHEN’S D............................................................................................................................................................24
SAMENHANGSMATEN BIJ KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELEN..............................................................................26
PEARSONS CORRELATIECOËFFICIËNT............................................................................................................................26
Enkelvoudige regressieanalyse......................................................................................................................27
Verklaringskracht model: coëfficiënt van determinatie................................................................................28
Regressieanalyse multivariate analyse.........................................................................................................29
DUMMYVARIABELEN IN DE REGRESSIE......................................................................................................... 30
NIET-LINEAIRE VERBANDEN......................................................................................................................... 33
2
,HOGERE ORDE MODELLEN........................................................................................................................... 34
MODERATIE MET DUMMY’S........................................................................................................................ 35
MODERATIE MET TWEE KWANTITATIEVE PREDICTOREN..............................................................................38
TOETSEN ALGEMEEN.................................................................................................................................... 39
POPULATIE BESCHRIJVEN...........................................................................................................................................39
STEEKPROEVENVERDELING........................................................................................................................................39
STAPPENPLAN HYPOTHESETOETSING...........................................................................................................................39
EENZIJDIG EN TWEEZIJDIG TOETSEN............................................................................................................................40
TOETSEN VAN 1 VARIABELE (UNIVARIATE ANALYSE)....................................................................................42
NOMINAAL/ORDINAAL.............................................................................................................................................42
INTERVAL/RATIO (Z-TOETS/T-TOETS)...........................................................................................................................45
TOETSEN VAN 2 VARIABELEN (BIVARIATE ANALYSES)...................................................................................47
KRUISTABEL/CHI2-TOETS/CRAMER’S V........................................................................................................................47
SPEARMANS RANGCORRELATIE EN KENDALLS TAU.........................................................................................................49
T-TOETS AFHANKELIJKE GROEPEN/COHEN’S D...............................................................................................................51
T-TOETS ONAFHANKELIJKE GROEPEN/COHEN’S D...........................................................................................................53
ONE-WAY ANOVA (VARIANTIE-ANALYSE)...................................................................................................................55
PEARSONS CORRELATIE EN REGRESSIEANALYSE (ENKELVOUDIGE REGRESSIEANALYSE)...........................................................58
TOETSEN VAN 3 OF MEER VARIABELEN (MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES).............................................................62
TWO-WAY ANOVA (MULTIVARIAAT).........................................................................................................................62
MULTIVARIATE REGRESSIEANALYSE.............................................................................................................................64
MODERATIE IN REGRESSIEANALYSE TOETSEN................................................................................................................69
MEDIATIE IN REGRESSIEANALYSE TOETSEN...................................................................................................................70
OVERIG........................................................................................................................................................ 74
TYPE I-FOUT EN TYPE-II-FOUT...................................................................................................................................74
BETROUWBAARHEIDSINTERVAL..................................................................................................................................75
ERROR BAR CHART...................................................................................................................................................79
TOETSINGSGROOTHEID F BEPALEN..............................................................................................................................80
OPSPLITSING KWADRATENSOMMEN............................................................................................................................81
BELANGRIJKSTE AANSTURINGEN SPSS.......................................................................................................... 82
3
, Beschrijvende statistiek
4
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