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summary neuropsychology neuropsychology english transcription transcription topic 2 hc 2 pedagogical sciences premaster premaster pedagogical sciences
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Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
Pedagogische Wetenschappen
Neuropsychologie
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Topic 2 HC 2 Synaptic Transmission & Memory
Chapter 5
This lecture is really about understanding how those neurons communicate with each other and how
its possible that we have billions of neurons that can do one task.
We will start with the ten brain principles that are
actually still part of the literature of last lecture, it
think that’s still chapter 2. But they represent a very
general mechanism of how the brain works so it
helps you understand how all those brain structures
that I explained to you in the first lecture, how they
work together. And then all the rest is about how
neurons communicate with each other. So this
structure is for you to understand how things fall
together.
Ten brain principles
So lets start with the ten brain principles.
And you can read them in the book and I
would highly recommend doing so because
they are very well explained, so now I’m
only very shortly going to rehearse them.
I already mentioned this last lecture, that
the nervous system produces movement
and movement is the basis of all our
behavior in the perceptual world that the
brain creates. So its really that we have a kind of version of the world in our mind because our senses
work in a certain way, like our eyes and our ears. But there’s not an actual reality because different
species in the world, see the world differently. So the brain produces something based on how our
senses work.
And the second principle is that everything
in the brain, the functioning of the brain, is
constantly changing and that’s called
neuroplasticity. I explained something
about thar in the previous lecture and I will
do that again today and also in next
lectures you will see this over and over
again. So make sure that you know that the
brain is changing as we learn and that is it
really the changes of the brain are the bases of our memory and learning. And it works in two
directions. What fires together will wires together, will come back in this lecture later on because then
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,its more easy to understand cause then you understand how the neurons can communicate with each
other and how they can influence each other.
Many of the brain circuits are crossed. So each
of the hemispheres processes its own
information. So for example, the information
of your left hand is processed on the right side
of the brain. So that’s the cross that is referred
to here.
So that means that the coordination of my right hand is actually guided by the contralateral side of
the brain. Contralateral means the other side.
As I explained last lecture, the nervous
system functions on multiple levels so
there is this hierarchy in the brain with
evolutionary older brain regions and
newer like the frontal lobes. And you
can still see this when you look at the
brain of animals that have more
simple nervous systems. So each new
addition to the CNS has added a new
level of behavioral complexity and
that works together with the lower levels in the hierarchy. So its really a combination of the action in
different levels in the hierarchy that produces our complex behavior. And if an animal shows easier,
less complex behavior its likely that there are less levels in the hierarchy. So this means that brain
levels are synchronized by vertical integration, that’s how we refer to that cause it’s the highest in the
hierarchy to the lowest in the hierarchy.
So movement is an example of that. Even regions in the hindbrain, the brainstem and the forebrain,
they all have actions related to movement. So those different levels work together to produce the
complex movement that we can do.
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, And here you can see
those levels again, the
spinal cord, the brain
stem and the forebrain.
That are the different
levels that we revere to
and together they work
to produce our behavior.
Principle 5, the brain is both
symmetrical as asymmetrical which
means that the left and right
hemisphere they look very closely
together but they also have dissimilar
features so they are not doing exactly
the same but they are very often
doing the same but there are very
subtle differences. For example,
language is a function that is in most
people that depends on whether you are left or right handed. Its mostly processed on the left side of
our brain. Spatial navigation and those kind of things are usually located on the right side of our
brain. But for most actions that we do, there’s not a big difference between the left and the right
hemisphere. Of course this is a gross oversimplification, the two hemispheres always work together.
In language for example, the left hemisphere is in charge in most people, but that doesn’t mean that
if the right hemisphere would not contribute to it, that our speech would still be normal.
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