OCR History- Witchcraft, Stuarts and the First Crusade
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Course
AS Unit F961 - British History Period Studies
Institution
OCR
Book
The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essays
Condensed OCR History A-Level notes containing OCR History topics on the Witchcraze, Stuarts (James I, Charles I, Cromwell) and the First Crusade. ALL 3 TOPICS COMPILED ONTO ONE DOCUMENT. Guide is around 50 pages long.
OCR History A-Level
Revision Guide
(Condensed Notes)
Includes: Witchcraft and Popular Culture, The Stuarts (James I,
Charles I, The Protectorate, and the Restoration) and the First
Crusade.
Written by: Fiona Torres in 2018-2019, A-Level exams taken in 2018.
Resources used: my revision notes- ‘The Early Stuarts and the Origins
of the Civil War’, Access to History- ‘The Witchcraze of the 16 th and 17th
Centuries’, Enquiring History- ‘The Crusades’ as well as handouts given
by my teacher and my own notes and thoughts.
The layout of this guide is very simplistic and plain, for clarity. Apologies
if you are more of a visual learner, this is a quite straightforward guide.
The guide is intended as a refresher and not as teaching material, prior
knowledge of the course would be very useful.
*In this guide, there are some red/yellow/green text and highlighted text
as I used this for my revision. If a different version is needed (to
accommodate for colour-blindness, please email me
@fionalouise112200@gmail.com)*
Thank you so much for purchasing this, I hope you do well in your
exams with the hard work you put in. You can do well, hang in there.
1
, Table of Contents
Witchcraft..................................................................................4
Popular Culture.........................................................................8
Southern-Germany (1590-1630)............................................................................................................ 16
East Anglia Hunts (1645-47)................................................................................................................... 20
Salem (1692-93)..................................................................................................................................... 23
James I, 1603-25.................................................................................................................................... 28
Important Dates for James..................................................................................................................... 32
Charles I, 1625-46.................................................................................................................................. 33
Commonwealth and Protectorate.......................................................................................................... 40
Charles II (1630-85)................................................................................................................................ 46
Some key definitions.............................................................................................................................. 47
The First Crusade................................................................................................................................... 48
Study 2: East Anglia……………………………………………19
Study 3: Salem…………………………………………………..23
A Short Compilation of Trials…………………………………26
Stuarts……………………………………………………………..27
James I…………………………………………………………….27
Charles I…………………………………………………………32
2
,Commonwealth and Protectorate…………………………..40
The Restoration………………………………………………46
The First Crusade……………………………………………48
3
, Witchcraft
Terminology
Centralisation- where the authority shifts to one person or group.
Rise of Witchcraft
Existing belief in magic in Early Modern Europe- believed that witches conducting
maleficium should be hunted down and prosecuted.
Witchcraft=Heresy (The Inquisition took aggressive stance against minorities as they
‘were part of a diabolical conspiracy to weaken Christian belief’.)
1326 Pope John XXII authorised Inquisition to persecute witchcraft as heresy.
1420s-1430s Trials took place in Alpine regions of France, Switzerland and Italy. –
People were suspected of sabbats (worship of Devil), practicing maleficium, making pact
with Devil.
Devil’s Pact- As a sign of their allegiance, there was a mark on the witch’s body.
At sabbats, children were sacrificed, feasted on and they had sexual intercourse with the
Devil.
Witches were seen as members of a heretical sect and were burned at the stake like
heretics.
December 1484 Papal Bull issued declaring witchcraft as an exceptional crime= removed
all rules of torture where there was a lack of evidence.
Some accused others of witchcraft for personal gain such as land or inheritance.
Spread of Witchcraft
Malleus Maleficarum (1486) Written by Heinrich Kramer (appointed to be an Inquisitor)
and Jacob Sprenger.
Malleus Maleficarum generated an urgency to eradicate witches, and claimed witchcraft
was the worst of all crimes as it was led by Devil to destroy Christianity.
Immediate Impact of M.M It didn’t spark witch craze but was influential in spreading
ideas.
After 1560 Increase in trials and treatises (texts) such as ‘Six Books of Discussions on
Magic’- Martin Del Rio (c. 1600) and became most popular witchcraft treatise in 17 th
century.
Number of ‘evidences’ also increased as number of trials increased= extracted through
torture. Knowledge of trials spread by word of mouth and in written manuals used as
testimonies.
Spread was assisted by universities as they taught future judges with the treatises and
advised local jurisdictions on how to handle witchcraft cases.
Judges and prosecutors more concerned with diabolical witchcraft (worship of Devil)
Charges of maleficium came FROM BELOW- tensions within community.
For increased prosecutions, ruling elite had to believe in witchcraft. FROM ABOVE The
belief of the elites led to charges being read out before trials, preaching against
witchcraft, news sheets and pamphlets printed and read to the illiterate.
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