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Summary English Linguistics 2 (Paul Pauwels)
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Summary of “English Linguistics 2", taught in BA2 Applied Linguistics by Paul Pauwels. I obtained a result 15/20 with this document.
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Engels Taalkunde 2THE SIMPLE SENTENCE................................................................................................................................... 3
TENSE AND ASPECT........................................................................................................................................ 3
PRESENT TENSES........................................................................................................................................................3
PAST TENSES.............................................................................................................................................................3
FUTURE TENSES.........................................................................................................................................................4
EVENT OR STATE........................................................................................................................................................4
BOUNDED EVENT TYPES..............................................................................................................................................5
UNBOUNDED EVENT TYPES..........................................................................................................................................5
UNBOUNDED STATE TYPES..........................................................................................................................................5
MODALITY..................................................................................................................................................... 6
MODALITY TYPES.......................................................................................................................................................6
MODALS AND TENSE..................................................................................................................................................6
MODALS AND ASPECT................................................................................................................................................6
BEYOND MODAL VERBS...............................................................................................................................................6
SENTENCE TYPES............................................................................................................................................ 7
MAJOR SENTENCE TYPES.............................................................................................................................................7
ARGUMENT STRUCTURE................................................................................................................................ 8
CLAUSE TYPES...........................................................................................................................................................8
DITRANSITIVITY.........................................................................................................................................................8
PO VS. PC VS. ADVERBIAL..........................................................................................................................................8
WORD ORDER...........................................................................................................................................................9
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE............................................................................................................................. 10
ANALYZING COMPLEX SENTENCES............................................................................................................... 10
TYPES OF COMPLEXITY..............................................................................................................................................10
LINKING VS. COORDINATION VS. SUBORDINATION.........................................................................................................10
ANALYZE VPS.........................................................................................................................................................10
ANALYZING: THE STEPS.............................................................................................................................................11
OBJECT AND COMPLEMENT CLAUSES........................................................................................................... 12
OBJECT AND COMPLEMENT CLAUSES...........................................................................................................................12
EQUI-NP DELETION: TO-INFINITIVE VS. GERUND...........................................................................................................12
VP + NP + NON-FINITE FORM...................................................................................................................................12
FINITE CLAUSES.......................................................................................................................................................13
SUBJECT AND SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT CLAUSES........................................................................................... 14
THE VERBS.............................................................................................................................................................14
SUBJECT CLAUSES....................................................................................................................................................14
RAISING SUBJECT/OBJECT TO SUBJECT.........................................................................................................................14
SUBJECT-COMPLEMENT CLAUSES................................................................................................................................14
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.................................................................................................................................... 15
EXAMPLES..............................................................................................................................................................15
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.................................................................................................................................................15
ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENTATION................................................................................................................ 17
SYNTACTIC VARIATION..............................................................................................................................................17
1
, TO-INFINITIVE COMPLEMENTATION.............................................................................................................................17
SIMILAR PATTERN WITH DIFFERENT SYNTAX..................................................................................................................17
HUNSTON’S ANALYSIS..............................................................................................................................................17
INDIRECT SPEECH (SYLLABUS P. 29).............................................................................................................. 19
TYPES OF REPORTING...............................................................................................................................................19
SHIFTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH.......................................................................................................................................19
NP-COMPLEMENTATION.............................................................................................................................. 20
POSTMODIFIERS......................................................................................................................................................20
CHOICE OF RELATIVE PRONOUN IN NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSES......................................................................................20
ADVERBIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES...................................................................................................................................20
MARKED PATTERNS..................................................................................................................................................21
2
,The simple sentence
Tense and aspect
Present tenses
Non-progressive stative verbs
e.g. I work truth, fact
habit or repeated action
momentary present
succession of events/actions
historic present
Progressive ongoingness
e.g. I am working limited duration (temporariness)
change, development
habit with limited duration
background information
annoyance (with time/frequency adverbial)
polite enquiry or careful suggestion
Perfect non-progressive stative verb
e.g. I have worked past action with present result (resultative)
state-up-to-now (no interruption, adverbial)
indefinite past
new information
Perfect progressive focus on duration
e.g. I have been working explanatory-resultative
open-ended, might continue in present
annoyance (with time adverbial)
focus on repetition (repeated indefinite past)
Past tenses
Non-progressive completion
e.g. I worked succession of actions in past
habit in past (repeated action)
characteristic behaviour
tentativeness with present time reference
Progressive cf. present tenses (but in past)
e.g. I was working limited duration
politeness with past/present time reference
repetition in past
time frame, background
past habit with irritation/surprise speaker
3
,Perfect non-progressive past action with past result
e.g. I had worked state-up-to-then
indefinite past
anteriority (definite past before past)
counterfactuality
Perfect progressive ongoingness up to past reference point
e.g. I had been working emphasis on stative verb (not result)
explanatory-resultative (focus on result)
Future tenses
Non-progressive prediction of SoA in future
e.g. I will work future-in-the-past (would), backshifted prediction
characteristic behaviour
promise, intention
assumption
command, order
request, invitation
Progressive prediction of SoA with limited duration
e.g. I will be working backshifted prediction (SoA with limited duration)
assumption with irritation speaker
polite enquiry
Perfect (non-)progressive state-up-to-…
e.g. I will have worked completion in future + uninterruptedness
I will have been working resultative with future reference point
assumption
Be going + to-infinitive premeditated intention ( will: spontaneous
e.g. I am going to work decision)
prediction based on evidence (near-certainty,
will: probability)
backshifted intention (possible unfulfilled)
Be + to-infinitive scheduled activity, official arrangement
e.g. The best is yet to come predestination
Present tenses prediction based on arrangement (near-certainty)
e.g. Tomorrow is Friday timetable
She’s coming home soon absolute certainty, fact
Event or state
Simple tenses Progressive tenses
Bounded event (dynamic, external view) Unbounded event (dynamic, internal view)
Lasting state (static, maximal view frame) Temporary state (static, imposed boundary)
4
, Bounded event types
Duration Telicity Event type Example
+ - Activity The kids played in the garden.
+ + Accomplishment They’ve built a new school.
- - Act She didn’t bat an eyelid.
- + Achievement She opened the door.
Unbounded event types
Duration Telicity Event type Example
+ - Activity The kids are playing in the garden.
+ + Accomplishing activity They’re building a new school.
- - Iterative event When he’s nervous, he’s
constantly batting his eyelids.
- + Culminating event She was opening the door when …
Unbounded state types
Lasting state Temporary state (imposed boundaries)
Indefinitely lasting state (fact) Temporary state
e.g. He lay in bed all day e.g. He was lying on the sofa when …
Everlasting state (truth, no bounded Temporary habit
counterpart possible) e.g. My father was building bridges in China
e.g. Times Square is in New York
at the time
Habitual state (regular behaviour) /
e.g. He builds bridges for a living
5
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