Life Support Lecture #1: Anatomy of Lower Airway and Physiology of Breathing
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Course
Life Support (LSC218)
Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
A two-part lecture given at Erasmus University College (EUC) about the anatomy of the lower airway, the physiology of breathing, and airway management using the ABCDE approach. Includes an introduction to the anatomical positions and planes, information about airway anatomical structures (e.g. lung...
Lecture #1: Anatomy of the Lower Airway and
Physiology of Breathing
Learning Objectives
• Know the terminology used to describe an anatomical position/plane
• Know the anatomical terminology of the lower airway structures and diafragma (know
bold-printed structures)
• Describe the muscles that play a role in inspiration and expiration
• Describe how inspiration and expiration are regulated
Anatomical Terminology
Terms used to describe anatomical positions/locations:
1. Medial vs. Lateral
• Medial → toward the midline of the body
• Lateral → away from the midline
2. Proximal vs. Distal (extremity)
• Proximal → closer to the center (trunk of the body, i.e.
heart) or the limb’s point of attachment to the trunk
• Distal → farther away from the center (trunk of the
body, i.e. heart) or the limb’s point of attachment to the
trunk
3. Superior vs. Inferior
• Superior → toward the head end of the body; above
• Inferior → away from the head; below
4. Posterior vs. Anterior
• Anterior → toward the front
• Posterior → toward the back/rear
, 2
Anatomical Planes
1. Frontal (coronal) plane:
Vertical plane that divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
2. Sagittal plane:
Plane perpendicular to the ground which divides
the body into right and left parts
➔ May be along the midline of the body and
split it into two halves (mid-sagittal) or
away from the midline and split it into
unequal parts (para-sagittal)
3. Transverse (horizontal) plane:
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Terminology
Anatomical terminology in Latin:
• Left → sinister
• Right → dexter
o Mnemonic: LSD R (left sinister, right dexter)
• Lung → pulmo
• Right lung → pulmo dexter
• Left lung → pulmo sinister
General Anatomy
Thorax
o The area between the clavicles and the diaphragm (= which
separates the thorax from the abdomen)
o Includes structures such as the lungs, small blood vessels, major
blood vessels from the heart, the trachea, etc.
, 3
Location of the Lungs
• Shows size of lungs during inhalation vs. exhalation
o During inhalation, the lungs can expand up to the lower part of the thoracic
vertebrae, more specifically the 9th rib
Rib Cage
• The arrangement of ribs attached to the vertebral column and sternum in the thorax, that
encloses and protects the heart and lungs
• Consists of:
a) 12 pairs of costae (ribs) each terminating anteriorly in a costal cartilage
o All ribs articulate with the vertebral
column
b) Sternum (separated into 3 parts)
Types of ribs:
1. Ribs 1-7
• Only the costal cartilages of the upper
seven ribs, known as true ribs,
articulate directly with the sternum
The remaining five pairs of ribs are false ribs:
2. Ribs 8-12
• The costal cartilages of ribs 8-10
articulate anteriorly with the costal
cartilages of the ribs above
o = Connect to the sternum
indirectly via the costal
cartilages of the ribs above them
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