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Geneeskunde UU GZC1 Gezonde zieke cellen 1 samenvatting
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1.2 Gezonde en zieke cellen IBlok 2, 2019/2020
Inhoud
Basis........................................................................................................................................................3
De cel en zijn (macro)moleculen............................................................................................................3
Cellen..................................................................................................................................................3
Lichaamsstoffen..................................................................................................................................4
Vetten.................................................................................................................................................4
Suikers, polysachariden......................................................................................................................5
Eiwitten (proteïnes)............................................................................................................................6
DNA........................................................................................................................................................9
Transcriptie (dna rna) rna)......................................................................................................................10
Translatie (mRNA rna) aminozuurvolgorde)............................................................................................11
DNA-replicatie..................................................................................................................................11
DNA repair........................................................................................................................................13
Mutaties...........................................................................................................................................14
Definities..........................................................................................................................................15
Transport in en tussen cellen...............................................................................................................16
Cel.....................................................................................................................................................16
Transport door membraan, door poriën..........................................................................................17
Transport door dubbele membranen (zonder poriën).....................................................................17
Transport dmv transportblaasjes......................................................................................................18
Transportroutes................................................................................................................................20
Celcommunicatie..................................................................................................................................22
Signaaltransductie............................................................................................................................22
Celdeling...........................................................................................................................................27
Celdifferentiatie................................................................................................................................29
CML......................................................................................................................................................30
Hematopoietische stamcel...............................................................................................................30
Chronische myeloïde leukemie.........................................................................................................31
Kanker bestrijden.............................................................................................................................31
Bij CML..............................................................................................................................................32
CLM genezen/remmen.....................................................................................................................33
Kankeronderzoek..................................................................................................................................33
Weefsel.................................................................................................................................................34
1
, Cellen in weefsels.............................................................................................................................34
Epitheel.............................................................................................................................................34
Bind- en steunweefsel......................................................................................................................35
Cystoskelet...........................................................................................................................................37
Epitheelcellen cytoskelet..................................................................................................................39
Beweging van cellen.........................................................................................................................39
Epitheel................................................................................................................................................41
Darm.................................................................................................................................................41
Anders..............................................................................................................................................42
Adaptaties............................................................................................................................................42
Tumorpathogenese..............................................................................................................................45
Algemene terminologie....................................................................................................................45
Onderscheid goedaardige en kwaadaardige tumoren......................................................................45
Histologische kenmerken tumoren...................................................................................................46
Naamgeving van gezwellen..............................................................................................................46
Ontwikkeling van een maligniteit.....................................................................................................48
Overige tumoreigenschappen..........................................................................................................49
Microscopie..........................................................................................................................................51
Membraanpotentiaal...........................................................................................................................55
Ziektes..................................................................................................................................................57
Farmacologie astma.............................................................................................................................65
Embryologie..........................................................................................................................................73
Kanker onderzoek.................................................................................................................................78
Algemeen.............................................................................................................................................78
2
,Basis
Bindingen atomen
- P+ in kern e- in schil
- Covalente verbinding
o Schillen afstand tot kern, bevatten elektronen
1e schil 2, 2e: 8, 3e: 8, 4e: 4
Schillen moeten gevuld, als niet vol: reactieve e- verbindingen met ander
atoom, gaan e- delen ( = covalente verbinding)
o Stevige verbinding
o Enkele of dubbele binding (nog steviger)
- Niet covalente binding: geen elektronen gedeeld (zwakker)
o Ionische binding
1 atoom ‘over’ op schil (makkelijker dan 7 erbij nodig) geeft aan ander atoom
+ lading op ene en – lading op andere aantrekking binden
Bijvoorbeeld Na+ en Cl-
o Waterstofbruggen
Polair
o Vanderwaalskrachten
Moleculen dicht bij elkaar
o Hydrofobe interacties (electrostatic
attractions)
De cel en zijn (macro)moleculen
Cellen
Soorten
- Fibroplasten: bindweefsel, stevig
- Spiercellen: beweegelijk
- Epitheelcellen
o Bekleden organen
o Dicht op elkaar
Doen
- Vermenigvuldigen, sterven, specialiseren
communiceren, samenwerken
o Als dat niet goed gaat ziek
o Ziekte = zieke cellen
Bouw
- Kern/nucleus
- Plasmamembraan = celmembraan, buitenkant
o Houdt cel samen, beschermen buitenwereld,
gereguleerd wat in/uit gaat
o 2 lagen lipiden
Semi permeabel
Doorlaatbaar voor
Kleine oplosbare in water moleculen
Hoe niet polairder hoe sneller
erdoorheen
o Samenhouden door cytoskelet
Microtubules (hoofdwegen)
Intermidiate filaments
3
, Actin filaments
Eiwitten betrokken bij cytoskelet: spectrine
o Kunnen cholesterol bevatten, cholesterol tussen fosfolipiden minder beweegbaar
stijver
- Cytoplasma (alles binnen plasmamembraan, niet kern)
o Cytosol (vloeistof)
o Organellen
Mitochondriën: energie
Lysosomen: afbraak
Golgi apparaat: distributie
Endoplasmatisch reticulum: eiwit fabriek
- 1 cel heeft al eigenschappen van het orgaan waar het inzit
Lichaamsstoffen
Lichaam 70% water, 30% chemicals
Water
- Polair molecuul
o Ladingverdeling waterstofbruggen obv elektrostatische
aantrekking
o O kant (beetje -) en H kant (beetje +)
- Goed oplosmiddel andere polaire/hydrofiele stoffen
- Afgestoten door apolaire/hydrofobe stoffen
Chemicals
- Ionen, small molecules (4%0
- Macromoleculen (26%)
o Eiwitten (15%) aminozuren (vormen polypeptide)
RNA (6%) nucleotiden
DNA (1%) nucleotiden
Polysachariden (2%) suikermoleculen
Phospholipiden (2%) 3 vet + 1 glycerol
o Bouw: keten eenheden
o Organische stoffen (bevat veel C atomen)
Vetten
- 3 vetzuren + glycerol
- Vetzuren
o Staart
(CH2)n lange keten
Hydrofoob
Kop
COO- groep
Polair hydrofiel
o Verschillend door
Lengte staart varieert
Verzadigd of niet
Onverzadigd
o Dubbele binding kink in keten
o ‘zacht’ vet, vloeibaarder
Verzadigd
o Geen dubbele binding, hard, strakkere structuur
4
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