Uitgebreide samenvatting voor het vak Kwantitatieve Onderzoeksmethoden. De samenvatting bestaat uit de slides gebruikt tijdens de colleges, aangevuld met eigen notities en informatie uit het handboek 'Kwantitatieve Onderzoeksmethoden KOM' van Dimitri Mortelmans.
Kwantitatieve methoden
Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 2: SETTING THE SCENE & HOOFDSTUK 3 ONDERZOEKSCYCLUS ................................................... 7
1 WAT IS WETENSCHAP? .................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Wetenschapsopvattingen ................................................................................................................ 7
2 WETENSCHAPSMODELLEN EN SOCIAALWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK..................................................................... 8
2.1 Post positivisme ............................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Interpretatief paradigma ................................................................................................................. 9
2.3 Constructionisme ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Kritische theorie ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.5 Epistemologie & ontologie............................................................................................................. 10
3 DE ROL VAN THEORIE IN KWANTITATIEF ONDERZOEK............................................................................................ 11
3.1 Algemeenheid van theorie ............................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Reikwijdte van theorie ................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Eigenschappen van een theorie ..................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Inductie, deductie & abductie ........................................................................................................ 13
4 WAT IS DAN SOCIAALWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK? ....................................................................................... 16
5 DE KWANTITATIEVE ONDERZOEKSCYCLUS .......................................................................................................... 18
6 KOMEN TOT EEN ONDERZOEKSPLAN ................................................................................................................. 18
6.1 Problemen en onderzoek: probleemformulering ........................................................................... 18
6.2 Het onderzoeksplan ....................................................................................................................... 19
7 DE PROBLEEMSTELLING ................................................................................................................................. 19
7.1 De inhoud van een probleemstelling ............................................................................................. 19
7.2 De onderzoeksvraag ...................................................................................................................... 20
8 DE LITERATUURSTUDIE .................................................................................................................................. 20
9 VAN ONDERZOEKSVRAAG NAAR HYPOTHESEN .................................................................................................... 21
HOOFDSTUK 4: ETHIEK EN ONDERZOEK ........................................................................................................ 22
1 ETHIEK ALS GRONDSLAG VAN JE ONDERZOEK ...................................................................................................... 22
2 EEN LANGZAME ONTWIKKELING NAAR ETHISCH BEWUSTZIJN IN ONDERZOEK ............................................................. 22
2.1 Ethiek en hoe het soms misloopt in onderzoek .............................................................................. 22
2.2 Ethische codes en ethische commissies ......................................................................................... 22
3 PROCEDURELE ETHIEK ................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Geïnformeerde toestemming (informed consent) ......................................................................... 23
3.2 Bescherming van de privacy .......................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Open en eerlijk (Verborgen onderzoek en misleiding) ................................................................... 24
3 SITUATIONELE ETHIEK.................................................................................................................................... 25
4 RELATIONELE ETHIEK ..................................................................................................................................... 25
4 TOT SLOT: DE CHECKLIST VAN NEUMAN ............................................................................................................ 26
HOOFDSTUK 5: GRONDVORMEN, ONDERZOEKSTYPEN EN RESEARCHDESIGNS ............................................. 27
1 OPZET ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
2 GRONDVORMEN: BESCHRIJVEND, VERKENNEND EN TOETSEND ONDERZOEK .............................................................. 27
2.1 Descriptief of beschrijvend onderzoek ........................................................................................... 27
2.2 Exploratief of verkennend onderzoek ............................................................................................ 27
2.3 Toetsend onderzoek....................................................................................................................... 28
3 FUNCTIONELE EN CAUSALE RELATIES................................................................................................................. 28
3.1 Functionele relaties........................................................................................................................ 28
3.2 Causale relaties.............................................................................................................................. 29
4 ONDERZOEKSTYPEN GERICHT OP VERSTEHEN EN SYSTEEMANALYSE ......................................................................... 31
4.1 Typologische analyse: ideaaltypologie .......................................................................................... 31
ZOEMGROEP: TYPOLOGISCHE ANALYSE................................................................................................................... 33
1
, 4.2 Cultuur-historische benadering ..................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Formele Systeemanalyse ............................................................................................................... 35
ZOEMGROEP: ONDERZOEKSTYPEN GEORIËNTEERD OP ‘ VERSTEHEN ’, PATROONDESCRIPTIE EN SYSTEEMANALYSE .................. 39
5 ONDERZOEKSTYPES GERICHT OP VASTSTELLEN VAN CAUSALITEIT ............................................................................ 39
5.1 Associatie versus Causaliteit .......................................................................................................... 39
5.2 Zuiver experimenteel design .......................................................................................................... 42
ZOEMGROEP: PLACEBODESIGN MET PRETEST .......................................................................................................... 51
5.2 Quasi-experimentele Designs ........................................................................................................ 52
ZOEMGROEP: .................................................................................................................................................... 55
5.3 Panelstudies................................................................................................................................... 56
ZOEMGROEP: GRONDVORMEN, ONDERZOEKSTYPEN EN RESEARCH-DESIGNS ................................................................... 60
5.4 Surveys ........................................................................................................................................... 61
HOOFDSTUK 6: SURVEYS OPZETTEN .............................................................................................................. 63
1 WAT IS EEN SURVEY ...................................................................................................................................... 63
2 SOORTEN INTERVIEWS ................................................................................................................................... 63
2.1 Een classificatie van surveys .......................................................................................................... 63
3 KWALITEIT WAARBORGEN: TOTAL SURVEY ERROR................................................................................................ 74
4 SURVEYS VOORBEREIDEN: EEN TIJDSPAD ........................................................................................................... 76
4.1 Voorbereiding ................................................................................................................................ 76
5 KIEZEN VOOR EEN DATAVERZAMELINGSMETHODE .............................................................................................. 78
6 DEELNAME AAN SURVEYS VERHOGEN (SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY) ........................................................................ 79
6.1 Paden naar non response .............................................................................................................. 79
6.2 Evolutie van deelname................................................................................................................... 80
6.3 Theorieën over deelname .............................................................................................................. 81
7 POSTENQUÊTES ........................................................................................................................................... 85
7.1 Zelf-in-te-vullen enquêtes .............................................................................................................. 85
7.2 Voordelen ...................................................................................................................................... 85
7.2 Nadelen ......................................................................................................................................... 85
7.3 Veldwerk-procedure ...................................................................................................................... 85
7.4 Aandachtspunten voor contactbrieven.......................................................................................... 88
8 WEBENQUÊTES ............................................................................................................................................ 88
8.1 Voordelen ...................................................................................................................................... 88
8.2 Nadelen ......................................................................................................................................... 88
8.3 Veldwerk-procedure ...................................................................................................................... 89
9 FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEWS ............................................................................................................................ 89
9.1 Voordelen ...................................................................................................................................... 89
9.2 Nadelen ......................................................................................................................................... 89
9.3 De interviewer: LAST of LUST ? ...................................................................................................... 89
9.4 Interviewer training ....................................................................................................................... 89
HOOFDSTUK 7: STEEKPROEFTECHNIEKEN, REPRESENTATIVITEIT EN BIAS ...................................................... 91
1 KERNBEGRIPPEN .......................................................................................................................................... 91
1.1 Interne validiteit ............................................................................................................................ 91
1.2 Externe validiteit ............................................................................................................................ 92
1.3 Betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................................... 92
2 BRONNEN VAN BIAS ...................................................................................................................................... 93
2.1 Onderzoekeffecten......................................................................................................................... 93
2.2 Instrumenteffecten ........................................................................................................................ 93
2.3 Object-effecten .............................................................................................................................. 94
2.4 Onderzoeker-effecten .................................................................................................................... 95
2.5 Interactie & Modellen .................................................................................................................... 95
3 TOTAL SURVEY ERROR APPROACH ................................................................................................................... 96
4 BIAS BIJ NIET-EXPERIMENTELE OBSERVATIEMETHODEN: OBSERVATIEMETHODEN ZONDER ONDERZOEKERSTIMULUS
(‘UNOBTRISUIVE) ................................................................................................................................................. 100
4.1 Analyse documentaire bronnen ................................................................................................... 100
5 BIAS BIJ NIET-EXPERIMENTELE OBSERVATIEMETHODEN: BEVRAGINGSMETHODEN (OBTRU-SIVE) ................................. 102
2
, 5.1 Extensieve bevragingsmethoden ................................................................................................. 103
5.2 Face-to-Face interview ................................................................................................................ 103
5.3 Klassikale survey .......................................................................................................................... 104
5.4 Schriftelijke survey of postenquête .............................................................................................. 104
5.5 Telefonische enquête ................................................................................................................... 105
5.6 Combinaties ................................................................................................................................. 105
5.7 Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................ 106
6 STEEKPROEFTECHNIEKEN ............................................................................................................................. 108
4.1 Representativiteit & Selectiviteit ................................................................................................. 108
4.2 Probability Samples ..................................................................................................................... 110
ZOEMGROEP: 7.1 & 7.2: WEGINGSCOËFFICIËNTEN DISPROPORTIONELE STRATIFICATIE ................................................ 115
4.3 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLES .................................................................................................................... 121
4.4 Steekproefgrootte, precisie en significantie ................................................................................ 122
ZOEMGROEP: 7.3 & 7.4: STEEKPROEFOMVANG, PRECISIE EN SIGNIFICANTIE ................................................................ 127
7 NON-RESPONSE INDICATOREN & VALIDATIE .................................................................................................... 129
7.1 Final Disposition Codes ................................................................................................................ 131
7.2 Standard Reponse Rates .............................................................................................................. 135
ZOEMGROEP: 7.5: STANDARD RESPONSE RATE ...................................................................................................... 141
7.3 Item non-response analyse .......................................................................................................... 145
7.4 Survey-validatie ........................................................................................................................... 146
HOOFDSTUK 8: OPERATIONALISEREN. HOOFDSTUK 9: METEN EN MEETINSTRU-MENTEN
(OPERATIONALISEREN EN KWANTITATIEVE MEETINSTRUMENTENè NOG OPSPLITSEN)............................. 147
1 HERHALING: DE ONDERZOEKSCYCLUS ............................................................................................................. 147
1.1 Operationaliseren ........................................................................................................................ 147
2 EEN START IN DE WETENSCHAPSFILOSOFIE ....................................................................................................... 147
2.1 Theorie ......................................................................................................................................... 147
2.2 Logisch positivisme ...................................................................................................................... 148
3 CONCEPTEN IN DE SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN ................................................................................................... 148
3.1 Twee activiteiten ......................................................................................................................... 148
3.2 Concepten .................................................................................................................................... 149
4 OPERATIONALISEREN IN DE PRAKTIJK .............................................................................................................. 150
4.1 WIE: Operationaliseren van subjecten......................................................................................... 151
4.2 WAT: Operationaliseren van concepten ...................................................................................... 151
4.3 HOE: Operationaliseren van relaties............................................................................................ 157
4.4 WAAR: Operationaliseren van ruimte.......................................................................................... 157
4.5 WANNEER: Operationaliseren van tijd ........................................................................................ 157
HOOFDSTUK 9: KWANTITATIEVE MEETINSTRUMENTEN .............................................................................. 158
1 INDEXEN ALS MEETINSTRUMENT .................................................................................................................... 158
5.1 Wat is een index?......................................................................................................................... 158
5.2 Indexen ontwikkelen/ opstellen ................................................................................................... 159
6 SCHALEN ALS MEETINSTRUMENT ................................................................................................................... 160
6.1 Wat is een schaal? ....................................................................................................................... 160
6.2 Soorten schalen ........................................................................................................................... 160
7 VIGNETTEN ALS MEETINSTRUMENTEN............................................................................................................. 165
8 KWALITEIT VAN MEETINSTRUMENTEN BEPALEN ................................................................................................ 168
8.1 Validiteit en betrouwbaarhed ...................................................................................................... 168
9 BETROUWBAARHEID NAGAAN ....................................................................................................................... 168
9.1 Stabiliteit over de tijd................................................................................................................... 169
9.2 Equivalentie ................................................................................................................................. 169
9.3 Interne consistentie ..................................................................................................................... 169
10 VALIDITEIT AANTONEN ................................................................................................................................ 171
10.1 Validiteit van de operationalisering............................................................................................. 171
10.2 Criterium validiteit (criterion validity).......................................................................................... 172
10.3 Construct validiteit (construct validity) ........................................................................................ 172
10.4 In de praktijk ................................................................................................................................ 172
3
, HOOFDSTUK 10: DE KWANTITATIEVE VRAGENLIJST .................................................................................... 174
INLEIDING .......................................................................................................................................................... 174
1 STAP 1: DE VRAAG BEGRIJPEN ..................................................................................................................... 174
1.1 Eenvoud, eenvoud, eenvoud ........................................................................................................ 174
1.2 Jargon en technische termen ....................................................................................................... 175
1.3 Abstracte termen ......................................................................................................................... 175
1.4 Vage termen ................................................................................................................................ 175
1.5 Lengte .......................................................................................................................................... 175
1.6 Zinnen ipv woorden ..................................................................................................................... 175
1.7 Een tijdskader .............................................................................................................................. 175
1.8 Ingesloten assumpties ................................................................................................................. 175
1.9 Meervoudige vragen.................................................................................................................... 176
1.10 Dubbele negaties ......................................................................................................................... 176
1.11 Leidende vragen .......................................................................................................................... 176
2 INFORMATIE HEBBEN OM DE VRAAG TE BEANTWOORDEN ................................................................................... 176
2.1 Je hebt de kennis soms niet ......................................................................................................... 176
2.2 Dagelijkse denkpatronen ............................................................................................................. 176
2.3 Proxy interviews/vragen .............................................................................................................. 176
2.4 Het verleden bevragen................................................................................................................. 177
2.5 De slaper vraag ............................................................................................................................ 177
3 DE RELEVANTE INFORMATIE VERTALEN NAAR DE VORM DIE DE VRAAG VEREIST ........................................................ 177
3.1 Taakduidelijkheid 1 (gesloten vragen) ......................................................................................... 177
3.2 Taakduidelijkheid 2 (open vragen) .............................................................................................. 178
3.3 Relatie tot de vraag ..................................................................................................................... 178
3.4 Relatie tot de antwoordmogelijkheden ....................................................................................... 178
3.5 De kwestie van regelmatigheid ................................................................................................... 178
3.6 Mutueel exclusieve antwoorden .................................................................................................. 178
3.7 Exhaustieve antwoorden ............................................................................................................. 179
3.8 Tegenstellingen beiden noemen .................................................................................................. 179
3.9 Natuurlijke categorieën ............................................................................................................... 179
4 HET ACCURATE ANTWOORD (WILLEN) GEVEN ................................................................................................... 179
4.1 Waarom geen antwoord willen geven?....................................................................................... 179
4.2 Gevoelige vragen ......................................................................................................................... 179
5 SPECIFIEKE ANTWOORDMOGELIJKHEDEN ......................................................................................................... 180
5.1 Open of gesloten ? ....................................................................................................................... 180
5.2 Meerdere antwoorden mogelijk .................................................................................................. 181
5.3 Gamification ................................................................................................................................ 182
5.4 Routing / skip-logica .................................................................................................................... 183
6 KWESTIES MET SCHALEN (ORDINALE GESLOTEN VRAGEN).................................................................................... 184
6.1 Unipolaire of bi-polaire schalen ................................................................................................... 184
6.2 Aantal categorieën ...................................................................................................................... 185
6.3 Een midden-categorie ? ............................................................................................................... 185
6.4 Een “geen mening” categorie ? ................................................................................................... 185
6.5 Richting van de ordinaliteit .......................................................................................................... 186
6.6 Gelijke afstanden in schalen ........................................................................................................ 186
6.7 Verbale labels op categorieën ..................................................................................................... 187
6.8 Rating of Ranking ........................................................................................................................ 188
6.9 Semantische differentiaal ............................................................................................................ 188
7 VRAAGVOLGORDE ...................................................................................................................................... 189
7.1 Algemeen ..................................................................................................................................... 189
7.2 Volgorde-effecten ........................................................................................................................ 189
7.3 Cognitieve orde-effecten ............................................................................................................. 190
7.4 Normatieve orde-effecten ........................................................................................................... 191
HOOFDSTUK 11: VAN VRAGENLIJST NAAR DATABASE ................................................................................. 193
1 DATA INVOER ............................................................................................................................................ 194
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