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Samenvatting Examenvragen Bio-Ethics

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In dit document worden de gegeven examenvragen van Bio-ethics uit academiejaar uitgebreid beantwoord in het Nederlands (antwoorden in het Nederlands is toegelaten). Behaald resultaat met deze samenvatting (en een goede paper) was 20/20. De uitleg van de professoren werd elke les nauwlettend genote...

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  • October 3, 2020
  • 46
  • 2019/2020
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EXAMENVRAGEN – BIO-ETHICS
The exam (20/20) exists of:

1. 1) Written exam with three questions:
1. Question about the introduction. Essay questions, two pages maximum.
(lesson 1-4) (5/20)
2. Question to briefly explain three concepts, in three to four lines per concept.
(lesson 1-4) (5/20). Please be concrete! For example, if you are asked to
explain “veil of ignorance” the answer “it is a thought experiment to solve
ethical dilemmas’’ is too vague.
3. Question to discuss one of the topics from lesson 5-8. Essay question, two
pages maximum. See text box ‘Question 3’ for how to answer this question
and how it will be quoted. (5/20)

2. 2) Written reflection (‘paper’) on two pages about one of the four articles that are
on Blackboard. See text box ‘Paper’ or how to answer this question and how it will
be quoted. The paper has to be submitted by May 19th on Blackboard. Those
students that attend the extra session ‘Ethics and Philosophy of autism’ may write a
report on this session instead.




Overzicht

Overzicht ............................................................................................................................................................. 1

1. Introductie tot ethiek en bio-ethiek ............................................................................................................ 4
1.1 Verklaar kort volgende termen. .................................................................................................................... 4
Theoretical philoshophy ................................................................................................................................. 4
Practical philosophy ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Ethics .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Thought experiment....................................................................................................................................... 5
Experimental philosophy................................................................................................................................ 5
Morality .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Egoistic prudence ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Ethical naturalism ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Ethical non-naturalism ................................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Vragen over de introductie ........................................................................................................................... 7
Which method(s) do philosophers use to come to certain conclusions? ...................................................... 9
Welke methode(n) gebruiken filosofen om tot bepaalde conclusies te komen? .......................................... 9
Which different sub-disciplines are there within ethics? ............................................................................. 10
Welke verschillende sub-disciplines zijn er binnen de ethiek? .................................................................... 10
What do Thomas Hobbes and Frans de Waal say about the origins of morality? ....................................... 11
Wat zeggen Thomas Hobbes en Frans de Waal over de origine van moraliteit? ......................................... 11

1

,2. Morele theorieën ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Verklaar kort volgende termen. .................................................................................................................. 12
Utilitarisme ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Deontologie .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Theory of justice ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Virtue ethics ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Care ethics .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Experience machine ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Preference utilitarianism .............................................................................................................................. 14
Act utiliatrianism .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Rule utiliatrianism ........................................................................................................................................ 14
Hedonisme ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Supererogatory ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Speciesisme .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Categorical imperative ................................................................................................................................. 15
Hypothetical imperative ............................................................................................................................... 16
Veil of ignorance .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Eudaimonia .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Phronesis ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Thin morality ................................................................................................................................................ 17
Thick morality ............................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Vragen over de introductie ......................................................................................................................... 18
Explain: utilitariansim. What are its strong and weak points? ..................................................................... 18
Verklaar: utilitarisme. Wat zijn de sterke en zwakke punten? ..................................................................... 18
Explain: deontology. What are its strong and weak points? ........................................................................ 20
Verklaar: deontologie. Wat zijn de sterke en zwakke punten? .................................................................... 20
Explain: Rawls’s theory of justice. What are its strong and weak points? ................................................... 22
Verklaar: Rawls theory of justice. Wat zijn de sterke en zwakke punten? ................................................... 22
Explain: virtue ethics. What are its strong and weak points? ...................................................................... 23
Verklaar: virtue ethics. Wat zijn de sterke en zwakke punten? ................................................................... 23
Explain: care ethics. What are its strong and weak points? ......................................................................... 25
Verklaar: care ethics. Wat zijn de sterke en zwakke punten? ...................................................................... 25

3. Toegepaste Ethiek .................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1 Verklaar kort volgende termen. .................................................................................................................. 27
Ethical pluralism ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Prima facie principles ................................................................................................................................... 27
Deductive approach ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Inductive approach....................................................................................................................................... 28
Reflective equilibrium .................................................................................................................................. 28
Autonomy..................................................................................................................................................... 28
Beneficience ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Maleficience ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Justice ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
Decolonizing ethics....................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Vragen over de introductie ........................................................................................................................ 30
Explain: moral relativism. What can we learn from moral relativism? ........................................................ 30
Verklaar: moreel relativisme. Wat kunnen we leren van moreel relativisme? ............................................ 30

2

, What are the four principles of biomedical ethics according to Beauchamp and Childress? Give examples
of how they can be used. ............................................................................................................................. 32
What zijn de vier principes van biomedische ethiek volgens Beauchamp en Childress? Geef ook
voorbeelden over hoe ze kunnen gebruikt worden. .................................................................................... 32
Give five examples of logical fallacies and explain each with an example. .................................................. 33
Geef vijf voorbeelden van logische denkfouten en leg elke denkfout ook uit met een voorbeeld. ............ 33

4. Experimenten op mensen en Buen Vivir ................................................................................................... 35
4.1 Leg kort volgende termen uit. .................................................................................................................... 35
Clinical equipoise.......................................................................................................................................... 35
Therapeutic orphans .................................................................................................................................... 35
Bikini medicine ............................................................................................................................................. 35
Precautionary principle ................................................................................................................................ 35
Therapeutic misconception .......................................................................................................................... 36
Buen Vivir ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
Ecocentrisme ................................................................................................................................................ 36
Anthropocentrisme ...................................................................................................................................... 36
4.2 Vragen over de introductie ....................................................................................................................... 37
What are the seven requirements of clinical ethical research, as laid down in Emanuel, Wendler and
Grady? Explain briefly each requirement. ............................................... Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd.
Wat zijn de zeven benodigdheden voor klinisch-ethisch onderzoek, door Emanuel, Wendler en Grady?
Verklaar kort elke benodigdheid. ................................................................................................................. 37

5. Biodiversiteit ........................................................................................................................................... 39
Welke ethische vragen zijn er omtrent biodiversiteit? Geef een overzicht van de ethische vragen, en ga
door op een of meerdere van deze vragen. ................................................................................................. 39

6. Dierexperimenten.................................................................................................................................... 41
Welke ethische vragen zijn er omtrent dierexperimenten? Geef een overzicht van de ethische vragen, en
ga door op een of meerdere van deze vragen. ............................................................................................ 41

7. Genetische gemodificeerde organismen .................................................................................................. 43

Welke ethische vragen zijn er omtrent genetisch gemodificeerde organismen? Geef een overzicht van de
ethische vragen, en ga door op een of meerdere van deze vragen. ............................................................ 43

8. Epigenetica ............................................................................................................................................. 44
Welke ethische vragen zijn er omtrent epigenetica? Geef een overzicht van de ethische vragen, en ga
door op een of meerdere van deze vragen. ................................................................................................. 45




3

, 1. Introductie tot ethiek en bio-ethiek

1.1 Verklaar kort volgende termen.

Theoretical philoshophy

Theoretische filosofie is de studie van de principes achter menselijke kennis, de ontwikkeling van de
wetenschappen en de basis van de wetenschappelijke kennis, de principes van denken, argumentatie
en communicatie, metafysica en de geschiedenis van het onderwerp zelf.

Onder theoretische filosofie vinden we de metafysica (wat is de natuur?), filosofische antropologie
(wat maakt iemand menselijk?) en de filosofie van de wetenschap.
- Wat zijn mensen? Wat is de wereld? Wat is het universum?
- In de moderne tijd: veel van dit domein is overgenomen door de exacte wetenschappen
- Toch nog belangrijk: denken kritisch na over en verklaren vragen die ontstaan in de
wetenschap: bv. wetenschappelijke kennis: wanneer is iets wetenschappelijk?

Practical philosophy

Onder praktische filosofie verstaan we de disciplines zoals ethiek, politieke en sociale filosofie.
- politiek: nadenken over vragen van politiek en macht, en structureren zoals kapitalisme,
democratie, kolonisatie, communisme, ... worden geanalyseerd.
- sociaal: nadenken over de origine en essentie van een maatschappij en samenleving, en de
relatie tussen de individuele en sociale structuur.

Ethics

Vroeger: Aristoteles verwijst naar Socrates: de centrale vraag in filosofie is ‘Hoe moet iemand leven?’
" dit verwijst naar de basis van het goede en het kwaad, morele waarden en normen en van
het ‘goede leven’ en van de organisatie van een juiste samenleving

Nu: ethiek is de studie van en zoektocht naar de principes die de fundering zijn van onze normen en
waarden. Ethiek wordt synoniem met de morele filosofie.
" ethiek verwijst niet meer echt naar zoektocht naar het hoogste ‘goed’ of goed leven

Ethiek is een tak van de filosofie die handelt met moraliteit op verschillende niveaus.
- twee niet-normatieve takken
o descriptieve ethiek: standpunt sociale wetenschappen, psychologie, antropologie
o meta-ethiek: kijkt naar waarom mensen morele wezens zijn, en op welke manier
§ men kijkt in de geschiedenis of biologie om dit te begrijpen
§ bv. heb je enkel schuld nodig om moreel te zijn, of moet je ook een rationeel
begrijpen hebben om te verstaan dat je iets fout hebt gedaan?


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