hier een uitgebreide samenvatting van het vak geologie, gegeven in de VUB maar stemmt ook overeen met de te kenne leerstof voor de KUL of Ugent. Ik zelf ben voor dit vak in de 1e zit geslaagd (14/20).
Inhoudsopgave
1 Structuur van de aarde............................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Ontstaan van het universum............................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Ontstaan van de sterren ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Ontstaan van het zonnestelsel ............................................................................................................ 6
1.4 Evolutie en samenstelling van de Aarde ............................................................................................. 9
1.5 Opbouw van de Aarde ......................................................................................................................12
1.5.1 De Korst (zie ook bijlage 4) ................................................................................................................13
1.5.2 De mantel en de kern ........................................................................................................................14
2 Kristallografie en mineralogie................................................................................................. 19
2.1 Kristallografie ....................................................................................................................................19
2.1.1 Kristalvorm ........................................................................................................................................20
2.1.2 Fysische eigenschappen ....................................................................................................................23
2.1.3 Speciale gevallen ...............................................................................................................................23
2.1.4 Meettechnieken ................................................................................................................................27
2.2 Mineralogie .......................................................................................................................................32
2.2.1 Classificatie op basis van chemische samenstelling ..........................................................................32
2.2.2 Mineralen met industriële toepassingen ..........................................................................................37
2.2.3 Aanloop naar Magmatische processen en gesteenten .....................................................................40
3 Platentektoniek ..................................................................................................................... 41
3.1 De ontdekking ...................................................................................................................................41
3.2 Platen en plaatranden.......................................................................................................................42
3.2.1 Plaatranden.......................................................................................................................................42
3.2.2 Beweging platen in cm/jaar ..............................................................................................................43
3.2.3 Aardbevingen aan plaatcontact........................................................................................................43
3.3 Aardmagnetisme ...............................................................................................................................46
3.3.1 Magneetveld .....................................................................................................................................47
3.3.2 Omkering van het veld ......................................................................................................................47
3.3.3 Magnetisme in mineralen en gesteenten .........................................................................................48
3.3.4 Inclinatie (= de denkbeeldige kompaslijn) van het magnetisch veld .................................................49
3.3.5 Identificatie continentendrift ............................................................................................................49
3.4 Wilson cyclus .....................................................................................................................................50
3.5 Hot spot vulkanisme en mantel pluim ..............................................................................................51
3.6 Structurele geologie ..........................................................................................................................52
3.6.1 Stress = spanning...............................................................................................................................52
3.6.2 Plooien...............................................................................................................................................53
3.6.3 Breuken .............................................................................................................................................54
3.6.4 Uplift en gebergtevorming (orogenese) ............................................................................................56
4 Magmatische processen en gesteenten .................................................................................. 58
4.1 Vulkanische of extrusieve gesteenten (=uitvloeiingsgesteenten) ....................................................58
4.1.1 Morfologie van vulkanen ..................................................................................................................60
4.2 Plutonische of instrusieve gesteenten ..............................................................................................60
4.3 Magma’s ............................................................................................................................................61
4.3.1 Bowen reaction series (zie bijlage 9) .................................................................................................62
4.3.2 Differentatie ......................................................................................................................................62
4.4 Magma’s, platen en smelt proces .....................................................................................................63
4.4.1 Divergerende platen, rug zone en hot spots .....................................................................................64
4.4.2 Decompressie opsmelting .................................................................................................................64
4.4.3 MOR ..................................................................................................................................................64
4.4.4 Black en white smokers .....................................................................................................................65
Jorien De Bleser 1
,4.4.5 Convergerende platen: verschillende scenario’s ...............................................................................65
4.4.6 Magma productie tijdens subductie .................................................................................................67
5 Sedimenten en sedimentaire gesteenten ................................................................................ 68
5.1 De klastische sedimentaire gesteente ..............................................................................................68
5.1.1 Verwering ..........................................................................................................................................68
5.1.2 Erosie .................................................................................................................................................71
5.1.3 Classificatie........................................................................................................................................71
5.1.4 Samenstelling ....................................................................................................................................72
5.2 Biogene sedimentaire gesteenten ....................................................................................................72
5.3 Chemisch gesteenten ........................................................................................................................73
5.3.1 Travertijn ...........................................................................................................................................73
5.3.2 Kolen..................................................................................................................................................74
5.4 Diagenese ..........................................................................................................................................74
6 Metamorfe gesteenten .......................................................................................................... 75
6.1 Kenmerken ........................................................................................................................................75
6.2 Soorten metamorfose .......................................................................................................................77
6.2.1 Begraving ..........................................................................................................................................77
6.2.2 Contact ..............................................................................................................................................77
6.2.3 Subductie ...........................................................................................................................................78
6.2.4 Dynamisch .........................................................................................................................................79
6.2.5 Schok .................................................................................................................................................79
6.3 Naar oppervlakte ..............................................................................................................................80
7 Concept van tijd ..................................................................................................................... 81
7.1 Stratigrafie.........................................................................................................................................81
7.1.1 Principes ............................................................................................................................................82
7.1.2 Terminologie .....................................................................................................................................85
7.2 Biostratigrafie....................................................................................................................................87
7.2.1 Fossielen ............................................................................................................................................87
7.2.2 Biostratigrafie ...................................................................................................................................87
7.2.3 Extraordinaire fossiellagen................................................................................................................90
7.3 Geologische tijdschaal.......................................................................................................................91
7.3.1 Bouw .................................................................................................................................................91
7.4 Geochronologie .................................................................................................................................92
7.4.1 Isotopendatering ...............................................................................................................................92
7.4.2 Andere dateringsmethoden (meer beperkt in tijd) ...........................................................................93
7.4.3 Toepassingen.....................................................................................................................................94
8 Reconstructie van klimaat en milieu ....................................................................................... 95
8.1 Waarom is klimaatonderzoek belangrijk? ........................................................................................95
8.2 Sedimentologie: processen van verwering & erosie tot afzetting ....................................................96
8.2.1 Verwering ..........................................................................................................................................96
8.2.2 Erosie .................................................................................................................................................96
8.2.3 Klastische sedimenten: relatie stroomsnelheid en korrelgrootte......................................................96
8.2.4 Soorten klastische gesteenten: functie van energie en bron van materiaal .....................................97
8.3 Sedimentologie: afzettingsmilieus van proximaal tot distaal ...........................................................98
8.3.1 (Peri)Glaciaal afzettingsmilieu: transport door ijs ............................................................................98
8.3.2 Alluvial fan afzettingsmilieu: transport door zwaartekracht en water .............................................98
8.3.3 Woestijn afzettingsmilieu: eolisch transport ....................................................................................98
8.3.4 Fluviatiel afzettingsmilieu: rivier transport .......................................................................................99
8.3.5 Lacustrien afzettingsmilieu: bezinking in meer of moeras ................................................................99
8.3.6 Ondiep marien afzettingsmilieu ........................................................................................................99
8.3.7 Continentale helling afzettingsmilieu..............................................................................................100
8.3.8 Diep marien afzettingsmilieu ..........................................................................................................101
Jorien De Bleser 2
,8.4 Toolbox voor paleoklimatologie .....................................................................................................102
8.4.1 Proxy’s .............................................................................................................................................102
8.4.2 Klimaatarchieven ............................................................................................................................103
8.5 Klimaatreconstructies op lange tijdschaal ......................................................................................103
8.6 Hoge resolutie klimaatconstructies ................................................................................................105
9 Evolutie ............................................................................................................................... 106
9.1 Inleiding ...........................................................................................................................................106
9.2 Precambrium ...................................................................................................................................107
9.2.1 Archeaan: 3,8 – 2,5 Ga ....................................................................................................................107
9.2.2 Proterozoïcum: 2,5 – 0,54 Ga ..........................................................................................................109
9.3 Fanerozoïcum ‘’ zichtbaar leven’’ ...................................................................................................110
9.3.1 Paleozoïcum: 540 – 250 Ma ............................................................................................................110
9.3.2 Mesozoïcum ....................................................................................................................................114
9.3.3 Cenozoïcum .....................................................................................................................................116
9.4 Evolutie van de mens ......................................................................................................................118
Jorien De Bleser 3
, Geologie
• De Aarde = een uniek en complex systeem dat constant evolueert door interacties tussen de ver-
schillende componenten (atmosfeer, mineralen/ gesteenten, oceaan en het leven).
• Tussen de verschillende concentrische lagen (kern, mantel, korst, hydrosfeer, atmosfeer, en mis-
schien ook een anthroposfeer) waaruit de Aarde bestaat is er beweging door de platentektoniek.
• De Aarde is maar een van de planeten in het zonnestelsel, gevormd door dezelfde fysico-chemische
processen maar de aarde verschilt van andere planeten door:
− Actieve platen tektoniek
− Een O2-rijke atmosfeer
− H2O oceanen
− Aanwezigheid van het leven.
• Onze planeet is 4.6 miljard jaar oud en het concept van tijd is belangrijk om te begrijpen hoe de
aarde functioneert en evolueert, onder de constante concurrentie van inwendige en uitwendige
processen (Inwendig = vulkanische uitbarsting, aardbeving, bergvorming, landverschuiving, mag-
neetveld etc. Uitwendig = klimaat, erosie, waterstroming, orkanen, tsunami, sedimentatie, vervui-
ling etc.)
Deze geologische processen hebben een invloed op “onze” maatschappij en milieu (energie-bron, erts-reser-
ves, aardbeving, uitbarsting, bodemvorming, water-beschikbaarheid, overstroming, klimaatsverandering
etc.)
Het leven en de fysische processen van systeem Aarde zijn nauw gekoppeld. Het leven hangt af van:
− Plantentektoniek
− Atmosfeer
− Water
− Mineralen
en het leven verandert op zijn beurt de omgeving: bv. O2 productie door fotosynthese.
Jorien De Bleser 4
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