These notes are IEB Grade 12 History notes and cover the Civil Rights Movement in America. They from part of the Civil Society Protest theme which is examined in the IEB History Paper 2
Black people came to the USA as slaves during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
- They were used mainly on plantations
The American Civil War (1861 - 1965)
- North (Union) vs South (Conferderate)
- North wanted to abolish slavery while South were Pro-Slavery
- North won and slaves were freed
o Emancipation Proclamation (1 January 1863)
- Reconstruction: Confederacies joined the Union
o Formed the USA and tried to give slaves rights
“Black Codes” were introduced in the South (1967)
- Freed slaves were not allowed to vote (disenfranchised)
- Civil rights and liberties were restricted
“Jim Crow” Laws introduced in the South (1870s)
- Named after racist theatre character, Jim Crow
- The laws legalised segregation
o “Separate but equal”
Ku Klux Klan established (1865)
- White supremacists (racists) intimidated African Americans
Segregation and discrimination remained the “status quo” until 1950s
- People had given up on the hope of equality by the 1890s
, Civil Society Protest
Civil Rights Movement Overview
Active between 1954 and 1968
- Led by African American Clergy
o Notable leader: Martin Luther King Jr
- Members were African American public and white liberal students
Formed due to a lack of political rights (Jim Crow Laws)
- Unable to vote and/or unfair obstacles to voting (Literacy tests in the South)
- Faced discrimination, prejudice and segregation
Used non-violent protest methods (Civil Disobedience)
- Wanted to disrupt the status quo
o Eg: Sit-ins, marches, freedom rides
Federal government wanted to end segregation in the 1950s
- There were still segregated schools and public facilities
- African Americans still faced obstructions in voting registration
Organisations within the movement
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
o Established in 1957 by MLK Jr and other ministers
- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
o Formed by students in 1960
o Organised many peaceful protests
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
o Formed in Chicago in 1942
o Organised many peaceful protests
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
o Formed in 1909
o Tackled issues through the judicial system (in courts)
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