Georgas: Family – Variations & Changes Across Cultures
Family, Structure & Function
- Structure = number of members in family & familial positions, e.g. mother, father,
etc. E.g. nuclear family composed of 2 generations: parents & children
- Functions = how families satisfy their physical & psychological needs in order to
maintain the family & survive as a group. E.g. families must provide shelter for
themselves, must work, etc.
Types of families:
Two generation families
- Nuclear family = wife/mother, husband/father, and their child
One parent family
Three generation families
- Extended: grandparents, wife/mother, husband/father, children, aunts, uncles, etc.
- Polygynous (one husband & multiple wives) vs. monogamous
- Patrilineal & matrilineal at least 3-generational
- Stem family = grandparents & eldest married son and children live together under
authority of grandparent (enforce family through generations)
- Joint family = continuation of patrilineal family after the death of the grandfather,
but married sons share inheritance & work together
- Fully extended family = similar to joint family, but cousins & kin also considered
part of the family. Total number of family members might be over 50
Kinship Relationships
- Lineal relationships = relationship between grandparent & grandchild
- Collateral relationships = relationship with uncles & aunts, cousins, nephews &
nieces
- Affinal = relationship between parents-in-law, children-in-law, siblings-in-law
Cultures have different rules about where couples reside after marriage:
- Patrilocal = residence with/near husband’s patrilineal kinsmen
- Avunculocal = residence with/near maternal uncle/other male matrilineal kinsmen of
husband
- Neolocal = residence apart from relatives of both spouses, most characteristic of
nuclear family
Cultures have specific rules of descent:
- Bilateral = affiliation w/both mother’s & father’s relatives
- Patrilineal = affiliation w/kin of both sexes through maternal & paternal fathers only,
but not through maternal & paternal mothers
- Matrilineal = affiliation w/kin of both sexes through maternal & paternal mothers
only, but not through maternal & paternal fathers
- Ambilineal/cognatic = affiliation w/kin through either maternal parents/paternal
parents
- Double = affiliation w/both father’s patrilineal kin & mother’s matrilineal kin
Cultures have rules about who you’re allowed to marry (endogamy – marrying within
community) and who you can’t marry (exogamy – marrying outside of the community)
, - E.g. marriage within same caste in India
Is the nuclear family separate or part of the extended family?
- Parson: adaptation of American family from extended family system in rural,
agricultural area to urban area requires a nuclear family structure. Social mobility
which characterises America was made possible by breaking of family ties, but at the
cost of psychological isolation.
- However, other studies have found that nuclear families are not isolated from
extended family – the question is the degree of contact with these kin
- Murdock: extended family of nuclear family is just a constellation of other nuclear
families. To focus on a specific nuclear family and expect it to be an independent unit
is wrong
- Different cycle of family: after the death of a patriarch in the family (e.g.
grandfather), one cycle closes, and new cycle begins, with 2 or 3 new nuclear families
- How nuclear families are determined by demographers & researchers: studies based
on interviews, people asked how many people they live with. Only provide ‘surface’
info, difficult to interpret w/o data about family networks, degree of interaction, etc.
- Overlapping circles of nuclear family: parents, aunts & uncles, grandparents, etc.
Determinants of Family Ties
- Ecological Framework = human diversity (both cultural & psychological) are set of
collective (the society) & individual adaptations to the context
Ecology & Subsistence
- Type of family related to ecological features & means of subsistence (how you
support yourself)
- Agricultural families = large extended families, highly stratified (classified into
different groups). Usually have permanent base, live near kin.
- Nuclear family = small, hunting & gathering societies/life in large urban areas, less
stratified. Move around more, learn to be more self-reliant, independent
Bonds in Small Communities
- Family loyalty to family and not to state, bc family is basis for survival. In small
communities, all issues about family decided by leader/elders of family, continued
through tradition
Changes in Family
- Economic changes, changes of power of father in the family
- Kagitcibasi: model of family change based on socio-economic development. 3
patterns of family interaction:
1. Traditional family in developing countries characterised by total interdependence
between generations in material & emotional realms
2. Individualistic nuclear family model of Western society based on independence
3. Synthesis of these two, involving material independence, but psychological
interdependence between generations
- Modernisation theory: increasing economic level & industrialisation in society
results in rejection of traditional values & culture. Transition of extended family to
nuclear family
- Inkeles: doubts that families throughout the world will converge to universal family
type, bc family relations are too complex, certain family patterns remain constant over
time
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller akiestudholme. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.80. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.