100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Fourth year ENT $7.11
Add to cart

Study guide

Fourth year ENT

 14 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

This Ear, Nose and Throat Study guide contains essential knowledge for fourth and final year medical school exams. It is very well organised and will not require additional materials.

Preview 3 out of 28  pages

  • October 10, 2020
  • 28
  • 2019/2020
  • Study guide
avatar-seller
MEDICAL SCHOOL EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT




KNOWLEDGE FOR FINALS
Phoebekwilson@gmail.com

, ENT


Anatomy, physiology and examination of the ear

 The external auditory canal is 2.5cm long (The cochlea is also about 2.5 turns
big)

 The outer 1/3 of the canal is cartilage, hairy skin, it secretes wax which is non-
migratory.

 The inner 2/3 of the canal is bony, hairless, has no wax secretion and is
migratory (migrates to outer third where it mixes with sebaceous secretions
and becomes wax)

 The ear canal curves both anteriorly and inferiorly (it is straightened by pulling
pinna up and back to see better when using an otoscope)

When using an otoscope, you have a view of the tympanic membrane, under which
will be the handle of malleus, and the lateral process of the malleus. You can tell
which ear the photo is taken from because the cone of light from the onus is always
anterior.

The tympanic membrane has 2 parts, the pars tensa and pars flaccida. The Pars
tensa has an extra layer and is hence stronger (the pars flaccida hence contributes
to disease often as it is weaker)

Malleus, incus and stapes are the 3 small bones of the inner ear (incus and stapes
are however not visible through the tympanic membrane). Sound vibrates through
the 3 bones to the stapes bone, where this bone transmits sound through the oval
window to the cochlea.


The Middle ear: Converts sound pressure in
the surrounding air, into sound pressure in
fluid, due to the fact that the cochlear is
surrounded by fluid.

The tympanic membrane is 22x larger than
the stapes bone. This acts as a footplate to
concentrate sound onto the stapes bone.

Label the diagram to the left to help yourself
remember the view when using an
otoscope.

, The Eustachian tubes

 These equalise pressure between the inner ear and the outside atmosphere.
The Eustachian tube constantly ventilates the middle ear and absorbs the air
from each swallowing actions. In addition, it has a cleaning and mucociliary
function.

Eustachian tube obstructions:
 This causes a Vacuum to form, causing an acute transudate and middle ear
effusion. When this becomes infected this causes acute otitis media with
effusion (glue ear)

 Long term Eustachian tube dysfunction causes a constant vacuum and inward
collapse of eardrum around the middle ear. This effusion may persist for
several weeks after the ear infection has cleared up.

The Inner ear

 The cochlea, a coil of 2.5 turns.

 The inner ear holds the mechanism of hearing. Stapes compresses fluid in the
vestibule (the entrance to the cochlea) and causes a pressure wave
throughout the cochlea. This pressure wave passes up the scala vestibule
and scala tympani to the round window outlet. (The round window allows fluid
within the cochlea to be comprehensible and compressible)

 The organ of corti between the fluid layers in the cochlea causes small hairs
to be displaced and sound to be sensed by these cells.

 Both the scala vestibule and scala tympani are filled with perilymph

 The scala media is filled with endo lymph from the Striae vascularis and
bathes the organ of corti.

 Area of maximum hair displacement in the cochlea depends on the frequency
of the sound.

 Higher frequencies are picked up closer to the stapes bone, at the start of the
2.5 turns. Lower frequencies are picked up nearer to the apex of the cochlea,
further along the 2.5 turns.

 The range of Human hearing frequencies = 20hz – 20Khz

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller phoebefooba. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $7.11. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$7.11
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added