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Summary Cell biology -- Mathematics

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  • Course
  • Histology & cell biology
  • Institution
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

Orderly and clear summary of the mathematics part what is discussed during the cell biology lectures. It is a summary from the book "Essential Cell Biology " With this summary you will save a lot of time. I passed this course with a 7,5. Good luck :)

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  • October 15, 2020
  • 3
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

Subjects

  • vu biomedical sciences biomedical sciences cell biology histology year 1 year 1 free university mathematics

Written for

  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
  • Biomedical Sciences
  • Histology & cell biology
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Cell biology – Mathematics – Signal transduction by molecular
switches

S-shaped signal transfer characteristics display a smaller “uncertainty
domain”
• Incoming signal that controls the switch
• Output signal coming from the switch
The total number of signal protein molecules is constant, so these fractions are
each other mirrors.
Phosphorylation happens by protein kinase.

Ideal switching behavior;




Below the threshold (drempel) of the incoming signal there is no phosphorylated
signal protein.
Above the threshold of the incoming signal all molecules are phosphorylated
This acts as a switch; whose area is very small.

S-shaped signal in/out characteristic; ultra-sensitivity




Michealis-Mention hyperbola; this one does not act as switch.
The threshold value starts at 0 which means that this switch already starts signaling
at the slightest input signal. It works like a dimmer.




Different mechanisms to achieve an ultrasensitive characteristic
• Cooperativity; cooperativity in a protein give rise to an S-shaped curve. (For
example. The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin)
• Decoy phosphorylation; Signal proteins contain multiply phosphorylation sites.
o Decoy (lokken) site; high affinity; phosphorylated by kinases
o Signaling site; low affinity for kinase; only phosphorylated at high signal
strength, low affinity for kinase.
• Multisite phosphorylation; Signal proteins contain multiply phosphorylation
sites, protein only gives a signal when multiple phosphorylation sites contain a
phosphate. For example, when there are 2 phosphorylation sites, with low
kinase activity and low incoming signal only one of the two will be
phosphorylated. The signal protein will not be activated. Only at high kinase

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