Transnational Organized Crime samenvatting van alle hoorcolleges, gegeven aan de Universiteit Utrecht. Alle informatie staat hierin; slides en extra informatie dat niet op de slides staat, maar waar de docenten over hebben gepraat. Het tentamen voor dit vak is op maandag 26 Oktober.
Transnational Organized Crime Lectures Notes
31 Augustus – 19 September
Inhoudsopgave
Hoorcollege 1 Prof. Dr. Dina Siegler ........................................................................... 4
Definition of organized crime .............................................................................. 4
Internation and transnational organized crime.......................................................... 4
Structure (criminal groups) ................................................................................ 5
Criminological theories on organized crime: ............................................................ 5
Three models of ink between ethnicity and organized crime: ........................................ 5
Various forms and example s of local or transnational organized crime:............................ 6
Principles of organized crime: secrecy, trust and violence: .......................................... 6
Traditional world-wide activities of organized crime: ................................................. 7
Modern activities of Organized Crime: ................................................................... 7
Hoorcollege 2 Italian Mafia: specificities and anti-mafia strategies | Dina Sigel ...................... 8
Italian Mafia: .................................................................................................... 8
Arguments: ................................................................................................... 8
Mafia: Historical background ............................................................................... 8
Principles of mafia: ......................................................................................... 8
Mafia in 1980: ................................................................................................ 8
Mafia groups are organizations ............................................................................ 9
Mafia groups .................................................................................................. 9
Initiation rituals .............................................................................................. 9
Mafiosi usually take mafia initiation ceremony seriously .............................................. 9
Mafia groups are brotherhoods (Letizia Paoli, 2005) ................................................... 9
Mafia groups are multifunctional entities: ............................................................... 9
Mafia groups exercise political dominion .............................................................. 10
Mafia on the move ......................................................................................... 10
5 families in the US: ....................................................................................... 10
Civil protest ................................................................................................ 11
Mafia groups Sharply Hit by state Repression since 1992 ............................................ 11
Mafia are imprisoned and impoverished ................................................................ 11
Pentiti ....................................................................................................... 12
Mafia reaction to repression ............................................................................. 12
Woman in the Mafia: ......................................................................................... 12
Donna e mafia: ............................................................................................. 12
Crisis ............................................................................................................ 12
Mafia in crisis ............................................................................................... 12
New criminal groups: competition? ..................................................................... 13
Mafia and Covid-19 ........................................................................................ 13
Conclusions .................................................................................................... 13
Hoorcollege 3 Russian Mafia and Organized crime in Eastern Europe ................................ 13
Background on Russian mafia ............................................................................... 13
Much research on Russian Mafia ......................................................................... 13
Different approaches: ..................................................................................... 14
Russian mafia: old image ................................................................................. 14
Russian mafia: new image ................................................................................ 14
Krysha (‘roof, protection) ................................................................................ 14
, Social conditions favorable to organized crime ....................................................... 14
Russian mafia in the Netherlands .......................................................................... 15
Dina het research in the Netherlands ................................................................... 15
Traditional crime in the modern world ................................................................. 15
Some results of Dina’s research: ........................................................................ 15
Criminal import into Western Europe ................................................................... 16
The future of Russian mafia .............................................................................. 16
East European Organized Crime ............................................................................ 16
Fall of communism and transition ....................................................................... 16
Organized crime ........................................................................................... 16
EU expansion – policy and consequences ............................................................... 17
Definition: .................................................................................................. 17
First category .............................................................................................. 17
Second category ........................................................................................... 17
Third category ............................................................................................. 17
Where do they come from? ............................................................................... 18
Where are the stolen goods? Criminal markets ........................................................ 18
Stolen from Dutch shops and house ..................................................................... 18
Where are the stolen goods? ............................................................................. 18
Hoorcollege 4 Drugs ............................................................................................ 19
Today: .......................................................................................................... 19
The globalization of cocaine use ........................................................................... 19
New cultivation/production areas ...................................................................... 19
New production areas and trafficking / smuggling routes ............................................. 20
Dispersion and fragmentation of organized crime networks ........................................... 21
Legal actors: ............................................................................................... 21
Mexico: fragmentation and violence .................................................................... 22
Effects of the war on drugs ................................................................................. 23
The war on drugs: effects ................................................................................ 23
Implications for NL ........................................................................................... 23
Hoorcollege 5 Organized crime and wildlife trade The organization behind the criminal
networks | Dr. Daan van Uhm ................................................................................ 24
Trade in wildlife .............................................................................................. 24
CITES and criminalization ................................................................................... 24
Criminalization................................................................................................ 24
Globalization and criminogenic asymmetries ............................................................ 25
Scope of the black market .................................................................................. 25
Definition: ..................................................................................................... 25
Research method ............................................................................................. 25
Eu confiscations in 2001-2010 ............................................................................... 26
Areas of origin illegal wildlife .............................................................................. 26
Who’s involved? ............................................................................................... 26
Tiger bones .................................................................................................... 26
Criminalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) .............................................. 27
Role of tiger farms ........................................................................................ 27
Conservation or tiger bone wine? ....................................................................... 27
Thino Horn thefts ............................................................................................. 27
2
, The interconnection between legal and illegal wildlife trade ......................................... 27
Crime to cure.................................................................................................. 28
Concluding remarks .......................................................................................... 28
Hoorcollege 6 Crime at the edge: interrelations between legal and illegal networks | Dr.
Damian Zatch .................................................................................................... 28
Three forms of crime: ....................................................................................... 28
Crimes of the powerful (Pearce, 1976) .................................................................... 28
Power crimes (Ruggiero, 2007) ............................................................................. 29
3 possible relations ........................................................................................ 29
Organized crime as relation .............................................................................. 29
Legal actors ................................................................................................ 30
Relation legality-illegality ................................................................................ 30
State organized crime: ....................................................................................... 31
State corporate crime:....................................................................................... 31
State initiated corporate crime ......................................................................... 32
State facilitated corporate crime ....................................................................... 32
Hoorcollege 7 Arms trafficking | Toine Spapens ......................................................... 32
Scope of the lecture .......................................................................................... 32
Most deaths are caused by small arms and light weapons: .......................................... 32
Variably (dual) legal markets ............................................................................ 32
Small arms deals ........................................................................................... 33
How terrorists acquire firearms ............................................................................ 33
Different pathways for different terrorists ............................................................ 33
Arms trafficking to conflict zones.......................................................................... 34
What is the average price of an AK47 (2001)? ......................................................... 34
Example: the conflict in Darfur .......................................................................... 34
Example of fake export: arms trafficking to Liberia (S/2001/1015) ............................... 34
Tackling the problem ........................................................................................ 35
Global instruments to tackle arms trafficking ......................................................... 35
Viktor Bout (the ‘merchant of death’) ................................................................. 35
Tackling illegal firearms .................................................................................. 35
Hoorcollege 8 State crime & terrorism...................................................................... 35
State Crime .................................................................................................... 35
State criminality (Rothe, 2009) .......................................................................... 35
Example’s ................................................................................................... 36
State crime (Green and Ward, 2004) ................................................................... 36
Also: ......................................................................................................... 36
State crime (Green and Ward, 2004) ................................................................... 36
Governmental Crimes (Friedrichs, 2004) .................................................................. 36
State crime typologies (Michalowski, 1985) ........................................................... 36
Forms of state crime (Friederichs, 2004) .............................................................. 37
Terrorism ...................................................................................................... 37
The changing context: .................................................................................... 37
Factors in the social construction ....................................................................... 38
Defining terrorism ......................................................................................... 38
In conclusion: .................................................................................................. 40
3
, Hoorcollege 1
Prof. Dr. Dina Siegler
Definition of organized crime
• It comes from the United states and is related to American
context
• Associations: with the Italian Mob/Mafia
• John Landesco: a psychologist who wrote a book in 1929 ‘organized crime in
Chicago’ → Conclusion: organized crime is Italian mafia
• Cressey (1966): organized crime is Italian mafia
• FBI: organized crime enterprise is a continuing criminal conspiracy with organized
structure, fed by fear and corruption and motivated by greed
• INTERPOL: organized crime is a systematically prepared and planned to commit of
serious criminal acts with a view to gain financial profits and power
o Political power
o Profit
• German police: organized crime can be any business- or business-like structure,
which tries to influence politics, media, public administration and economy
o Every business
• VB: a group stealing bikes
o Group & illegal activities
• VB: teenager is sitting and trying to penetrate the data from the pentagon
(cybercrime)
o No group & illegal activity
Internation and transnational organized crime
• International crimes: are acts prohibited by international criminal law on basis of
the 1994 draft code, multilateral treaties or customary practice by all nations
• Cross border crime is conduct, which jeopardizes the legally protected interests in
more than one national jurisdiction, and which is criminalized in at least one of the
stated/jurisdictions concerned (Passas, 2002)
o = Criminological definition
o Connecting to crossing borders
• Transnational organized crime: A structured group of three or more persons,
existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one
or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a
financial or other material benefit.
o A lot of questions because of the vagueness
o Transnational organized crime groups:
▪ Rigid hierarchy: single boss, strong, internal discipline, several
divisions
▪ Developed hierarchy: regional structures, own hierarchy and
autonomy
▪ Hierarchical conglomerate: umbrella association of separate criminal
groups
▪ Core criminal groups: a horizontal structure of core individuals who
work for the same organization
▪ Organized criminal network: individuals engage in criminal activity in
shifting alliances according to skills they possess to carry out the
illicit activity
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