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Summary

Summary DNA and Genetics - Grade 12

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  • Course
  • Life Sciences
  • Institution
  • Uplands College (Uplands)

This document contains information regarding DNA and Genetics including genetic engineering, protein synthesis and DNA replication, mitosis and meiosis. These will be examined in the IEB Life Sciences Paper 1.

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Document information

  • October 24, 2020
  • 26
  • 2020/2021
  • Summary

Subjects

  • ieb
  • matric
  • life sciences
  • bio
  • grade 12
  • mendel
  • genetic engineering
  • cloning
  • dna
  • rna
  • protein synthesis
  • dna replication
  • meiosis
  • mitosis

Written for

  • Uplands College (Uplands)
  • Life Sciences
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Content preview

DNA


DNA Discovery


1950s

- James Watson and Francis Crick did postgraduate research that the University of Cambridge
- Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins doing research on DNA at Kings College in London
- Erwin Chargaff working with DNA in America



1949 – Chargaff determines that the ratios of Adenine = Thymine and Cytosine = Guanine

1952 – Franklin take the first X-rays of DNA and determines DNA is a helix

The photographs are stolen by Wilkins and shown to Crick

Watson and Crick used the photograph to build a 3D model

1953 – Watson and Crick publish their double-helix theory

1958 – Franklin dies of ovarian cancer aged 37

1962 – Watson, Crick and Wilkins received the Nobel Prize for medicine (No recognition for Franklin)

, DNA


DNA Structure


DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA is a double helix

- When unwound it looks like a ladder

DNA is a polymer

- It is made up of monomers called nucleotides



Nucleotides are made up of 3 parts

- Sugar molecule (Deoxyribose sugar)
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base (A=T and C=G)
o Adenine (Purine)
o Thymine (Pyrimidine)
o Guanine (Purine)
o Cytosine (Pyrimidine)



Purine bases are larger than pyrimidine bases



Covalent bonds hold together the sugar-phosphate backbone

Hydrogen bonds hold together the nitrogenous bases of complementary strands

- 3 hydrogen bonds between Cytosine and Guanine
- 2 hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine



The sequence of bases can occur in any order so long as Adenine is bonded with Thymine and
Cytosine is bonded with Guanine

- This creates complementary strands

, DNA


Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)


This is extranuclear DNA that is mound in mitochondria

- It is not related to chromosomal DNA
- It is short and circular



mtDNA codes for enzymes that control cellular
respiration

- Mitochondria are responsible for providing
energy



The origin of mitochondria is debated

- It became an organelle through endosymbiosis
- It was thought to be a bacterium originally
o It entered the cell and was not digested
o It became an organelle with its own DNA



mtDNA is inherited through the maternal line

- Sperm contain 0.1% of the mtDNA that is in the egg
- Most of sperm mtDNA is found in the base of the tail which breaks off during fertilization
- The zygote thus only has female mtDNA



mtDNA does not undergo meiosis

- It remains mostly unchanged over generations
- By comparing modern mtDNA to older mtDNA you can determine relatedness
o A closer match is a closer relation

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