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Samenvatting stralingsdeskundigheid jaar 1
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Samenvatting voor stralingsdeskundigheid eerste jaar. Hierin wordt alle theorie van jaar 1 uitgelegd.
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SAMENVATTINGSTRALINGSDESKUNDIGH
EID
Jaar 1
MBRT
Fontys Hogeschool Eindhoven
,Inhoud
1. Atomen...............................................................................................................................................5
1.1. Bindingsenergie...........................................................................................................................5
2. Vervalreacties.....................................................................................................................................5
2.1. Te veel neutronen........................................................................................................................6
2.1.1. ß- emissie..............................................................................................................................6
2.2. Te veel protonen..........................................................................................................................6
2.2.1. ß+ emissie..............................................................................................................................6
2.2.2. K-vangst................................................................................................................................6
2.3. Alfaverval.....................................................................................................................................6
2.4. Isomeren transitie........................................................................................................................6
2.5. Augereffect..................................................................................................................................6
3. Radioactief evenwicht........................................................................................................................7
3.1. HVTmoeder < HVTdochter.....................................................................................................................7
3.2. HVTmoeder > HVTdochter.....................................................................................................................7
3.2.1. Berekening............................................................................................................................7
3.3. HVTmoeder >>> HVTdochter.................................................................................................................7
4. Productie radionucliden.....................................................................................................................7
5. Straling................................................................................................................................................8
5.1. Ioniserende straling.....................................................................................................................8
5.1.1. -straling-straling.............................................................................................................................8
5.1.2. -straling-straling..............................................................................................................................9
5.1.3. Dracht...................................................................................................................................9
5.2. Omgekeerde kwadratenwet......................................................................................................10
5.3. Halveringsdikte..........................................................................................................................10
5.3.1. Verzwakkingscoëfficiënt.....................................................................................................10
5.4. Dosis-oppervlakte product........................................................................................................10
5.5. Verstrooide straling...................................................................................................................11
5.6. Filtering......................................................................................................................................11
6. Wisselwerkingen...............................................................................................................................11
6.1. Klassieke verstrooiing................................................................................................................11
6.2. Foto-elektrisch effect.................................................................................................................12
6.3. Comptoneffect...........................................................................................................................12
, 6.4. Paarvorming..............................................................................................................................12
6.5. Annihilatie..................................................................................................................................12
6.6. Kern-foto effect.........................................................................................................................12
7. Build-up............................................................................................................................................12
8. Detectoren........................................................................................................................................13
8.1. Gasgevulde detectoren..............................................................................................................13
8.1.1. Te laag en te hoog...............................................................................................................13
8.1.2. Ionisatiekamer....................................................................................................................13
8.1.3. Proportionaal teller.............................................................................................................14
8.1.4. Geiger-Müller teller............................................................................................................14
8.2. Vaste stof detectoren................................................................................................................14
8.2.1. Werking scintillatiedetector................................................................................................14
8.3. Vloeistof detectoren..................................................................................................................15
8.3.1. TLD-dosismeter...................................................................................................................15
8.4. Halfgeleider detector.................................................................................................................15
8.4.1. Germanium detector..........................................................................................................16
8.5. Dosimetrie.................................................................................................................................16
8.5.1. Geladen-deeltjes evenwicht...............................................................................................16
8.5.2. Exposie................................................................................................................................17
8.5.3. KERMA................................................................................................................................17
8.5.4. Geabsorbeerde dosis..........................................................................................................17
9. MCA..................................................................................................................................................18
9.1. Energiespectrum........................................................................................................................18
9.2. Teltempo en activiteit................................................................................................................18
10. DNA................................................................................................................................................18
10.1. De cel.......................................................................................................................................19
10.2. Beschadiging DNA....................................................................................................................19
10.3. Herstel DNA.............................................................................................................................20
11. Celoverleving..................................................................................................................................20
11.1. LQ-model.................................................................................................................................20
11.2. Onderzoek...............................................................................................................................21
11.3. Relatieve biologische effectiviteit............................................................................................21
12. Cellulaire effecten...........................................................................................................................22
12.1. Deterministische effecten........................................................................................................22
, 12.1.1. Partiële bestraling.............................................................................................................23
12.1.2. Teratogene effecten.........................................................................................................23
12.1.3. Total body bestraling........................................................................................................23
12.2. Stochastische effecten.............................................................................................................24
12.3. Risicomodel.............................................................................................................................24
13. Risico’s van radioactieve stoffen.....................................................................................................25
13.1. Bescherming............................................................................................................................25
13.2. Wetgeving................................................................................................................................26
13.2.1. Ontstaan wetten...............................................................................................................26
13.2.2. KeW..................................................................................................................................26
13.2.3. Stralingsbescherming........................................................................................................26
14. Formules.........................................................................................................................................27
14.1. Activiteit..................................................................................................................................27
14.1.1. Omgekeerde kwadratenwet.............................................................................................27
14.1.2. Verval................................................................................................................................27
14.1.3. Verzwakking......................................................................................................................27
14.1.4. Teltempo...........................................................................................................................27
14.1.5. Activiteit dochter bij glijdend evenwicht..........................................................................27
14.2. Homogeniteit van een bundel.................................................................................................27
14.3. Remstraling..............................................................................................................................28
14.4. Dosis........................................................................................................................................28
14.4.1. Geabsorbeerde dosis........................................................................................................28
14.4.2. Equivalente dosis..............................................................................................................28
14.4.3. Dosis in weefsel................................................................................................................28
14.4.4. Effectieve dosis.................................................................................................................28
14.4.5. Kerma...............................................................................................................................28
14.4.6. Exposie..............................................................................................................................28
14.4.7. Geabsorbeerde dosis en kerma........................................................................................28
14.5. Detectoren...............................................................................................................................28
14.5.1. Energie ionisatiekamer.....................................................................................................28
14.5.2. Energie proportionaal teller..............................................................................................28
14.5.3. Spanning in een gasgevulde detector...............................................................................28
14.6. Deeltjes....................................................................................................................................28
14.6.1. Dracht...............................................................................................................................28
, 14.6.2. Aantal atomen..................................................................................................................28
14.6.3. Bindingsenergie................................................................................................................29
14.7. Effecten....................................................................................................................................29
14.7.1. Radio Biologisch Effect......................................................................................................29
14.7.2. Invloed zuurstof (Oxygen Enhancement Ratio).................................................................29
14.7.3. Hoeveelheid dosis na 50 jaar............................................................................................29
, Stralingsdeskundigheid – Jaar 1
1. Atomen
In een nuclidenkaart wordt het aantal neutronen op de x-as gezet en het aantal protonen op de y-as.
De isotopen worden dus op een horizontale lijn gezet, de isotonen op een verticale lijn en de
isobaren op een diagonale lijn van linksboven naar rechtsonder. De (meestal) zwartgekleurde hokjes
vormen de stabiele band. Tot atoomnummer 20 is het aantal protonen en neutronen gelijk, daarna
zijn er meer neutronen per proton.
- Isotoop Zelfde atoomnummer Andere atoommassa
- Isobaar Zelfde atoommassa Ander atoomnummer
- Isotoon Zelfde aantal neutronen Andere atoommassa en atoomnummer
- Isomeer Zelfde atoomnummer Ander energielevel (metastabiel of stabiel)
De gemiddelde energie van een atoom ligt altijd op één derde van de maximale energie. Wanneer je
dus jezelf moet beschermen tegen straling, moet je rekenen op de maximale energie.
1.1. Bindingsenergie
De elektronen in de buitenste schil hebben een lagere bindingsenergie dan de elektronen in de
binnenschil, dit komt door de afstand tussen de kern en de elektron.
De formule van de bindingsenergie:
E=∆ m∗c2
Er is dus massa nodig voor de energie, dat noem je massadecriment.
Hoe meer nucleonen (protonen + neutronen) er in de kern zitten, hoe groter de bindingsenergie van
het atoom, omdat de nucleonen elkaar aantrekken.
2. Vervalreacties
Wanneer de verhouding tussen het aantal protonen en het aantal neutronen uit verhouding is, is het
atoom niet stabiel en ontstaat er radioactiviteit. Na het verval, is het atoom stabiel. Hoe zwaarder
een atoom, hoe meer neutronen en nodig zijn om het atoom stabiel te houden.
Bij het maken van een vervalreactie zijn er een paar regels en afspraken:
energie
- Het massagetal, en lading is aan beide kanten gelijk
massa
- Wanneer er een bèta-min ontstaat, ontstaat er ook een anti-neutrino
Wanneer er een bèta-plus ontstaat, ontstaat er ook een neutrino
- Bij alle vormen van verval kan het atoom te veel energie hebben, dan wordt er een
gammadeeltje uitgezonden met een atoom-specifieke energie.
- Soms worden er 2 fotonen uitgezonden, dat verschilt per atoom (bijvoorbeeld Co-27 Ni-
28).
- Het aantal kernen dat vervalt per seconde wordt uitgedrukt in desintegratie per seconde
(dps). Dps is hetzelfde als Bq.
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