Summary

Summary of lectures - Introduction to Psychology and its Methods

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Course
Introduction to Psychology & its Methods (P_BIPM_AI)

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

This document contains a thorough summary of the lectures provided. It goes over each definition and concept and explains them well. It is a must-have to pass the exam, as it contains many questions that range from every topic, which is a hefty amount of information to learn.

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Uploaded on October 30, 2020
Number of pages 49
Written in 2020/2021
Type Summary

lecture
summary lecture
summary lectures
intro to psychology
introduction to
summary
introduction to psychology
introduction to psychology and its methods
introduction to psychology and its methods ai

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Education
Artificial Intelligence
Course
Introduction to Psychology & its Methods (P_BIPM_AI)

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1. Summary - Summary of lectures - introduction to psychology and its methods
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Topic I : Genes and Evolution

violent
genes
:
Genetic basis :

70 's no , environment Violent ? seventies : no ! determined
genes behaviour
: →
is
by
°

90 's :
yes environment

Now : both nineties ! environment doesn't matter
yes
:

today :
result of interaction between
genes
Human cells : and environment

⇐ NYE
-

Human cells : have a nucleus ,
each nucleus contains

23 pairs of chromosomes (46) ,
each chromosome carries

a strand of DNA in the double helix structure , which each

23 pairs consists of a backbone made of alternating groups of

and

✓
Each
phosphate sugars
.

sugar has one of four

nitrogen s
guanine CG)
attached to it adenine CA) , thymine CT)
:
, ,

cytosine CC) The two strands of DNA are held up by consistent

g¥§
double helix .

bonds formed by base pairs ( adenine es thymine) ( guanine

cytosine)
to .
These bases encode valuable
genetic information,
called
genes .

Genes
'

:

'

meaningful sections of DNA molecule

Genes
meaningful govern cell 's function by instructing the protein creation
-

:
,

instructs protein
-

production of protein occurs in ribosomes

creation .

Gene expression
-

if a gene is turned on or
off
Gene expression the extent to which a is transcribed into a
sequence
gene
-

:

decides if amino acids ( protein)
a
gene of
is turned off or -

that is
any skin cells t brain cells

certain attach
on ,
controlled by
.

Methylation :
methyl cells to the genes to

environment turn them off

controlled biochemical environment inside the cell
by
'

Genotype specific which is influenced by factors ( e.g environment outside
-
: .

set of the cell overall environment ,
genes , timing in development ,

experience ,
behaviour ) .

phenotype :
Spielman ( 19677 :
study about cell formation and
-

environ
genotype + .
environment

Genotype
-

'
an organisms specific set of genes
'

phenotype
-

-

overt traits and behaviours of an
organism
determined environment
by genotype
-

x

Debate about violent
genes is studied until today .

Genes govern what happens to our cells in our bodies
Crne decides cells function
expression now are
going to

,Monozygotic Monozygotic twins have same
genotype but vary in
phenotype
-

: :

identical .

Our
genes come from our parents

Ft(⇐BE¥/ ¥
46
17 Egg 23 chromosomes Chromosomes
:

> baby
'

:

23
homozygote sperm : chromosomes
.

allele Each gene is paired with another
.

Y]Eog¥q
heterozygote
-

Located at corresponding positions on pairs of chromosomes
l l
l l
allele Allele specific variant
Ly of
one a
gene
:
-

Dominant their effect even if the individual
'

: show has

Dominant : brown only one copy )
(heterozygote

eyes Recessive only if individual has both copies
.

: show the

Recessive : blue eyes ( homozygote)
A specific trait behaviour is determined interaction
or
by the
-

Behaviour trait : between the environment and

dictated
by one
gene pair OR
-

environment + Cone -

multiple gene pairs
:
paygenetic inheritance

specific gene OR The genome ( organisms complete DNA) shaped by
-
'

set of is

multiple gene pairs) evolution (Darwin 1859)

hypothesized modern
organisms
'
Darwin that all
-

Evolution to occur : .

are descended from a small set of shared ancestors
°

Variation have
merged time
through evolution
i

over

C differential
Higher rates of Evolution : natural selection survival and
- '

survival phenotype)
t
iprodeection due to

reproduction three conditions
-

:

Trait (
genotype) variation among individuals of a population
^ .

is passed on
-

individuals with these traits survive and reproduce

at
higher rates than others

survival of the trait is passed generations
'

the therefore on to newer
-

- -

is and better represented
genes more

important Trait
'

genotype
-
-

-

survival of the genes
> survival of individuals

Evidence for erol Evidence evolutionary
-

modern
theory
:
.

for :

°
Fossil records '

Fossil records → snows that Earth is
very old ,
explains the

(microscopic) different types of flava & fauna

Resemblance various
Resemblance between
organisms
•

genomes
'

of

between species .

Anthropoid apes
=
humans

pseudogenes Apes 24 pairs
•
have human chromosomes made
-

→ are

Distribution Of (fused evolution)
•

2
up of ape chromosomes during
species pseudogenes
-

Genes that don't do (e.g GIOA enzyme glucose
anything
'

.
→

vitamin c )

Evolution was very critised ,
but with time , if has been proven over

and over .
Darwin knew nothing about genes when he made his theory .

, distribution species around the world
-

of

continental ± oceanic
-

-

oceanic islands were never connected to the

continent

( continental) while
japan has
many species hawaii
-

( oceanic) had basic species ( aquatic because
they
could reach
by )
sea

People skeptical evolution
-

are about

'

Evolution adapts organisms t improve
Genes and behaviour

continuous -

Nature (genes) vs Nurture ( environment)

interaction between -

Irrelevant → continuous interaction between the two

-1 environment How specific environments
genes our
genes are expressed in
-

dictate who we determine who we are

and
are MAOA gene environment on
aggressive behaviour
-

-

Gene comes in the corms :

MAOA
gene leads to
high levels MAO
:
one of
-

low levels of '

other leads to low levels

MAO protein t
Measured children mistreated their
.

union were
by
maltreatment -
-

parents
more violent t Results showed that participants that had low MAOA
'

more likely to and were maltreated were much more violent than

be arrested for others .

Violent crimes
genes necessarily
.

. : a violent person does not have violent ,

it is interaction and environment
an between
genes .

Your genes limit can be and
who
you your
environment decides within that limit who are
, ,
you
going to become .

, Topic 2 :
the Brain and the Nervous system

Peripheral : all Introduction
other nerves Genes shape nervous
system
-

our

-

central nervous system : brain + spinal cord

N S (support)
:
glia peripheral all other nerves in the
body
:
n s
-

. - .
.

+ neurons (transmit -

Brain determines our behaviour

information Building blocks of the nervous system
Made up of the basic cells
-

:

Dendrites : receive '

Glia :
supportive function
'

Neurons : receive and transmit information through
Axioms :
transmit eeetricae signals
-

cell body : contains nucleus

Types of neurons
: -
Dendrites : receive signals
-

sensory ( physical -

Axons :
transmits signal
stimulus → electrical Different types
-

of neurons :

signals) sensory receptors capable of translating physical
-

:

( carries touch)
sensory eeetricae Ce g
-

stimulus into
signals -
.

info TO CNS) sensory (
afferent) carries
-

neurons :
information to the

motor ( carries central
-

nervous system
info FROM )
CNS -

Motor C
efferent neurons) : carries information from

Interneurons cells
-

CNS to muscle

(in between -
.

interneurons : in between afferent and efferent , they
located in CNS) make connections in the CNS

communication among neurons

communication : -

covered
by fatty membrane that is semi -

permeable
-

neuron is semi - -

when neuron is at rest there is a p - d . between the

permeable outside and inside of the cell →
different number of

rest 70mV
:
negatively and positively charged molecules
• -

inside
rely charged At potential
: mV
rest 70
resting
-
.
: -
→

stimulated -140mV inside
negatively charged
-

:
-

=

inside
they charged stimulated p d between outside and inside
:
-

: - .

may
change p in d
change fire action potential generated
-

→ →
may
- .

occurs
locally stimulated -140mV →
inside +
rely charged
.
:

-

rest : Nat out ,
i

change in p.d. occurs locally at some place in

Kt in the i. travels through the
membrane ,
e .
the voltage
stimulated Natin
-

membrane propagation
: =
,

Kt alt .

Membrane has ion channels :

-

Rest : Nat pumped out and K+ seeps in

stimulated Nat flows in immediately after
'

:
,

Nat channels close and K+ is
pumped out

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