Duurzame Ontwikkeling samenvatting kennisclips (- live hoorcollege circulaire economie)
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Course
Duurzame ontwikkeling (GEO12103)
Institution
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Book
Living in the Environment
Bijna alle kennisclips van duurzame ontwikkeling, de eerste niet, de achtste ook niet, en het livecollege over circulaire economie ook niet. Vandaar de prijs. Af en toe staat er een Q&A tussen maar daar maakte ik nooit aantekeningen van omdat het niet vaak terugkwam in de toets.
Samenvatting van de kennisclips Duurzame Ontwikkeling - Tentamen 2
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Duurzame Ontwikkeling: Aantekeningen voor tentamen 2 – Daan Voorhoeve
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Kennisclips – Junginger – Energy .......................................................................................................... 2
Q&A: Junginger ................................................................................................................................. 6
Kennisclips – Moors - Covid-19, Health, Sustainability ......................................................................... 9
Q&A: Moors .................................................................................................................................... 12
Kennisclips – Rebel – Klimaatverandering .......................................................................................... 15
Kennisclips – GlobalGoalsTeam – Sustainable Development Goals .................................................... 18
Q&A: GlobalGoalsTeam .................................................................................................................. 20
Kennisclips – Evaristo – Sustainable Water Management .................................................................. 22
Q&A: Evaristo.................................................................................................................................. 28
Live College Hekkert – Circulaire Economie ........................................................................................ 31
Kennisclips – van Laerhoven – Development and environment ......................................................... 34
Q&A van Laerhoven: ....................................................................................................................... 41
,Duurzame Ontwikkeling: Aantekeningen voor tentamen 2 – Daan Voorhoeve
Kennisclips – Junginger – Energy
KC 1: What drives energy consumption
Population growth. The good news is that the growth rate of the population is declining (but the
population is still growing).
Global population is also getting older.
Population growth is not evenly distributed on the globe. Western world is stable/declining even.
Biggest growth in Asia and Africa.
GDP of a country correlates with the energy usage. And GDP is growing globally.
Most important energy usage is electricity, heat, and transport. Then manufacturing/construction
and agriculture.
All the energy plants have an efficiency of under 50%. So still a lot of potential energy is wasted.
Energy usage in the future will also increase because of the need for more cooling. This is ironically
caused by global warming.
Summary: Factors that will determine energy demand include:
Population growth, increased life expectancy, increase in wealth, demand for mobility, residential
heating and cooling, progress in energy efficiency developments, and dietary changes (meat uses a
lot of energy)
KC 2: Use of coal
Coal has been most important fossil fuel and energy carrier since the 19 th century. Only from 1950
we see natural gas and oil on the rise.
2 types of coal: Hard coal and ground coal. You can mine subsurface in shafts and underground
mines. The other way is strip mining, that is more on the surface and cheaper (but more waste).
Coal is not abundant. There is more than enough. Even with increase of use, the known reserves will
last us more than 150 years.
China, Australia, South Africa, Kazakhstan use most coal per capita. The total numbers, China, US,
India, biggest users.
9 out of 10 tons mined is used for electricity production. (Also used for heating, fortunately not
anymore).
Other major uses are cement and steel production.
Coal is not only an energy carrier, but also as a remover of oxygen from iron ore.
Coal usage is still the biggest fossil fuel usage, but it is declining.
Environmental issues with coal:
Air pollution, mining, coal seam fires (underground fires that are accidentally lit, but impossible to
put out, they emit a lot of CO2, and other poisonous chemicals and gasses.
,Duurzame Ontwikkeling: Aantekeningen voor tentamen 2 – Daan Voorhoeve
In principle these environmental problems can be mitigated, and in developed countries this is
happening a lot. But in developing countries not so much.
But global coal capacity is declining. Overall, because of renewable energy, in the US also because of
shale gas.
However, this is still not enough to reach the Paris climate goals.
Summary:
Coal has been most important fossil energy from 1800-1970 but is declining.
Availability is not a limiting factor, but climate impacts and cheap alternatives decline its use.
It will be a part of the energy mix until at least 2050, particularly in China for cement and steal
production.
It is the largest contributor of CO2 in the air. This can be decreased by carbon capture and storage,
but this is still negligible.
KC 3: Bioenergy
Oldest fuel on earth
13.4% of total energy of earth → 7.4% traditional // 5.0% modern → heat buildings, heat industry,
transport, electricity
Biomass is collection term of a lot: Small trees, manure, waste food, corn, forest residue, used
vegetable oils. → Organic matter
Traditional use is heating homes and cooking. Especially in rural lands in sub-Saharan countries, and
Asia. Conversion efficiency is 20-33% → Not very good.
Modern uses: Bio-jet fuels, marine biofuels, etc
Sustainability challenges for biomass:
Deforestation (Conversion efficiency 6-12%!) Especially in poor rural areas, where it is the only
option, so it is problematic to outlaw it.
Indirect land use change → Using forest land for biofuels is illegal, so they use agriculture land, but
demand for agriculture does not decline, so the agriculture land will be expanded and the forest will
be smaller.
Using useful land for biofuel instead for food.
Air pollution → Fine dust, and inefficient. (But if you do it in a big powerplant, these effects can be
reduced.)
Timing of Carbon emissions: The emitted carbon of burned tree is not immediately taken in by new
trees. Before the total carbon output of biomass is neutral, it takes a lot of time. (But this is
mitigated by growing more than 1 tree, and having trees in multiple stages of growth)
Summary:
Biomass is a versatile renewable energy source. However, sustainable biomass is scarce.
Contributions to global energy supply can be substantial, but depend on land availability, and
developments in forestry and agriculture. The EU implemented strict environmental criteria for
liquid and solid biomass use.
, Duurzame Ontwikkeling: Aantekeningen voor tentamen 2 – Daan Voorhoeve
KC 4: Olie en Gas
Oil and gas usage have grown massively since the 1950’s.
Gas pumping was first easy, just drill and the gas goes up. But the most accessible reserves are
depleted and obtaining gas gets more difficult. Unconventional resources are being used (there is
way more unconventional gas in the earth).
Unconventional methods include for instance ‘fracking’. Most important: Shale gas: gas trapped
between layers of shale (schalie).
Fracking cracks the shale by injecting high pressure water and chemicals, this releases the gas.
Overall natural gas production in the US has grown, mostly because of shale gas.
Primary oil extraction: Drill a tube in a reservoir and pump it up.
Secondary oil extraction: You inject for example sea water under the oil field to push the oil up out
of the rocks that it is in. Then pump the oil up. (often when the primary source is depleted).
Tar sands: Oil in sand. Most CO2 intensive form of fossil fuels right now. There is a lot of tar sand
needed for one barrel of oil.
Use of natural gas and oil: Gas is used for electricity and heat and for peak load electricity because
gas turbines can be turned on and off easily.
Petroleum (oil) is mostly used for the transport section.
Liquified gas is traded worldwide. A lot if shipped to Asia, from the US. Oil is coming mainly from the
Middle East.
Price of gas is declining, which is kind of good because it replaces coal.
Oil is different, in the 70’s 2 major crises, in early 2000’s also a crisis. But very recently, there where
negative oil prices during the corona crisis.
Use of coal is declining, but oil and gas is increasing. → will be most important contributors to global
warming the coming decades.
Environmental usage:
- Natural gas / fracking: water consumption, wastewater storage, methane leakage
- Natural gas: leakage from pipelines build on permafrost
- Oil: Tar sands: Open pit mining, high energy use, CO2 emissions
- Oil offshore, risk of accidents and huge oil spills during production and transport
Summary:
Global use of natural gas and oil is not slowing down.
Electricity production from gas will possibly decline, but for heating (gas) and as transport fuel (oil) it
will not decline. → There is no shortage
Oil and gas will be biggest contributors to global warming.
‘Unconventional’ will quickly become ‘conventional’ with increase environmental impacts.
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