Klinische psychologie 1: persoonlijkheidstheorieën en psychopathologie PB0104 (PB0104)
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Klinische psychologie
PB0104 Open universiteit Klinische psychologie 1: persoonlijkheidstheorieën en psychopathologie.
Samenvatting van het gehele boek Klinische psychologie Theorieën en psychopathologie. Auteurs: Henk T. van der Molen, Ellin Simon, Jacques van Lankveld
klinische psychologie 1 persoonlijkheidstheorieën en psychopathologie
klinisch psychologie theorieën en psychopathologie
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Open Universiteit (OU)
Bachelor Psychology
Klinische psychologie 1: persoonlijkheidstheorieën en psychopathologie PB0104 (PB0104)
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By: CharV31 • 3 year ago
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KLINISCHE
PSYCHOLOGIE
Theorieën en psychopathologie
DORIS BOON
Samenvatting
,Inhoud
1. Over klinische psychologie en ‘abnormaal’ gedrag...........................................................................13
1.1 Het terrein van de klinische psychologie....................................................................................13
1.2 Aspecten van ‘abnormaal’ gedrag..............................................................................................13
1.3 Normaal en abnormaal: waar ligt de grens?...............................................................................14
1.3.1 Het statistisch model...........................................................................................................14
1.3.2 Het medisch of ziektemodel................................................................................................14
1.3.3 Het leer- of onderwijsmodel................................................................................................15
2. Neurobiologische benadering van psychopathologie.......................................................................16
2.1 Een historische schets.................................................................................................................16
2.2 psychopathologie: een genetisch perspectief.............................................................................16
2.3 Psychopathologie: een cognitief- neurowetenschappelijk perspectief.......................................17
2.3.1 Het limbisch systeem...........................................................................................................17
2.3.2 De prefrontale cortex..........................................................................................................18
2.4 Emotieregulatie..........................................................................................................................18
2.5 Comorbiditeit van externaliserende en internaliserende stoornissen........................................19
3. Leertheoretische benaderingen van psychopathologie....................................................................20
3.1 Thorndike en Pavlov: (niet) als kat en hond................................................................................20
3.2 Leren: het wat en het hoe..........................................................................................................20
3.3 Etiologie van psychopathologie..................................................................................................21
3.3.1 Appetitieve conditionering..................................................................................................21
3.3.2 Aversieve conditionering.....................................................................................................22
3.3.3 Causaal leren.......................................................................................................................23
3.4 Psychotherapie als leerproces....................................................................................................23
3.4.1 Extinctie als motor van gedragsverandering........................................................................23
3.4.2 Kandidaat-mechanisme van extinctie..................................................................................24
3.4.3 Terugval en wat eraan te doen............................................................................................24
3.4.4 De neurologie van extinctie.................................................................................................24
3.4.5 Enkele andere technieken voor gedragsverandering...........................................................24
4. Cognitieve benaderingen van psychopathologie..............................................................................25
4.1 Cognitief-psychologische opvattingen........................................................................................25
4.2 Algemene cognitieve psychologie...............................................................................................25
4.2.1 Schema’s..............................................................................................................................25
4.2.2 Impliciete en expliciete kennis.............................................................................................25
4.2.3 Automatische en gecontroleerde informatieverwerking.....................................................26
, 4.2.4 Schema-activering...............................................................................................................26
4.2.5 Het ontstaan van schema’s..................................................................................................26
4.2.6 Het instandhouding van schema’s.......................................................................................26
4.2.7 Verandering van schema’s...................................................................................................26
4.3 De inhoud van schema’s bij verschillende vormen van psychopathologie.................................26
4.4 Kenmerkende processen bij verschillende vormen van neurotische psychopathologie.............27
4.4.1 Aandachtbias.......................................................................................................................27
4.4.2 Selectieve interpretatie.......................................................................................................27
4.4.3 geheugenbias.......................................................................................................................28
4.5 Cognitieve therapie....................................................................................................................28
5. Psychoanalytische benadering van psychopathologie......................................................................29
5.1 Onbewust...................................................................................................................................29
5.1.1 Dynamisch onbewust...........................................................................................................29
5.1.2 Impliciet weten....................................................................................................................29
5.2 Overdracht en tegenoverdracht.................................................................................................29
5.2.1 Overdracht...........................................................................................................................29
5.2.2 Tegenoverdracht..................................................................................................................29
5.3 De driftpsychologie.....................................................................................................................29
5.3.1 Seksueel overprikkelende incidenten in de kindertijd.........................................................30
5.3.2 Verdrongen driften..............................................................................................................30
5.3.3 De theorie over de vroege psychoseksuele ontwikkeling....................................................30
5.4 De egopsychologie......................................................................................................................30
5.4.1 Het structurele model van de persoonlijkheid.....................................................................30
5.4.2 Afweermechanisme.............................................................................................................31
5.5 De objectrelatiepsychologie.......................................................................................................31
5.5.1 Vroege objectrelatietheorie.................................................................................................31
5.5.2 Latere objectrelatietheorie..................................................................................................31
5.5.3 Transference- Focused Psychotherapy................................................................................33
5.6 De zelfpsychologie......................................................................................................................33
5.7 De hechtheidpsychologie............................................................................................................33
5.7.1 Gehechtheidsrepresentaties................................................................................................33
5.7.2 Mentaliseren........................................................................................................................34
5.7.3 Geblokkeerd mentaliseren...................................................................................................34
5.7.4 Metalisation-Based Treatment (MBT)..................................................................................34
5.8 Pathologie, behandelvorm en werkzaamheid............................................................................34
5.8.1 Conflictpathologie en ontwikkelingspathologie...................................................................34
, 5.8.2 Behandeldoelen...................................................................................................................34
5.8.3 Kortdurende psychoanalytische psychotherapie.................................................................35
5.8.4 Langdurige psychoanalytische behandeling.........................................................................35
6. Humanistische benaderingen van psychopathologie.......................................................................36
6.1 kenmerken van de humanistische theorieën..............................................................................36
6.2 Therapeutische uitgangspunten van Rogers...............................................................................37
6.3 Ontwikkelingen na Rogers..........................................................................................................37
6.4 Emotiegerichte therapie.............................................................................................................37
6.5 De behoeftepiramide van Abraham Maslow..............................................................................38
7. Systeembenadering van psychologie................................................................................................40
7.1 systeembenadering....................................................................................................................40
7.2 De algemene systeemtheorie: enkele basisbegrippen...............................................................40
7.2.1 systemen en subsystemen...................................................................................................40
7.2.2 Circulaire causaliteit.............................................................................................................40
7.2.3 Homeostase en verandering................................................................................................40
7.2.4 Feedbackprocessen.............................................................................................................41
7.2.5 Equifinaliteit en equipotentialiteit.......................................................................................41
7.3 De communicatietheoretische benadering.................................................................................41
7.3.1 zender, boodschap en ontvanger........................................................................................41
7.3.2 Kenmerken van communicatie............................................................................................41
7.3.3 Verschillende soorten interactieproblemen........................................................................42
7.3.4 Tegenstrijdigheden in de communicatie..............................................................................42
7.4 De structurele benadering..........................................................................................................43
7.4.1 Gezinsstructuur, functies en grenzen..................................................................................43
7.4.2 Associaties en coalities........................................................................................................43
7.4.3 Hiërarchie en het leidinggevende subsysteem....................................................................43
7.4.4 Kluwen en los zand gezinnen...............................................................................................44
7.5 Integratieve benadering.............................................................................................................44
7.5.1 Multisystemische therapie...................................................................................................44
7.5.2 Functionele gezinstherapie..................................................................................................45
7.6 Ontwikkelingen in theorie, praktijk en onderzoek......................................................................45
7.6.1 Toegenomen aandacht voor onderzoek..............................................................................45
7.6.2 Meer dan interacties............................................................................................................45
8. Het nut van theorie..........................................................................................................................46
8.1 Het achterhalen van de waarheid...............................................................................................46
8.1.1 Waarneming........................................................................................................................46
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