Complete samenvatting van alle hoofdstukken in Political Philosophy door Adam Swift (druk 4).
Verplichte literatuur voor Politieke Theorie deel van Inleiding Politicologie.
Contemporary Political Philosophy Lecture Notes (Lectures 1-12) and *SOME* Required Readings
Summary Political Philosophy Readings Content
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Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
Politicologie
Inleiding Politicologie
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Swift Part 1 - sociale rechtvaardigheid 2
Rawls: justice as fairness 2
Nozick: justice as entitlement 3
Swift part 2 - dmeocratie 3
Mate van democratie 4
Is democratie paradoxaal? 5
Subjectivisme, democratie en macht 5
De waarden van democratie 5
Intrinsiek 1) vrijheid van autonomie 5
Intrinsiek 2) zelfrealisatie 6
Intrinsiek 3) gelijkheid 6
Instrumenteel 1) goede of juiste uitkomsten 6
Instrumenteel 2) intellectuele en morele ontwikkeling 6
Instrumenteel 3) waargenomen legitimiteit 6
Swift part 3 - liberalisme en community 8
Drie foute concepties liberalisme 8
Zeven objecties over liberalisme vanuit naam van community 8
Belangrijke kiritiek van communitaristen 10
Swift part 4 - vrijheid 11
1) Effectief vs formeel 11
2) autonomie vs doen wat je wil 11
3) politieke particpatie vs vrijheid waar politiek eindigt 11
Swift part 5 - gelijkheid 13
4 modellen voor positieve discriminatie 14
Drie aspecten van welzijn beïnvloed door economische ongelijkheid 15
Positionele goederen 16
2) afnemende principes 16
3) ‘recht op’ en ‘voldoende hebben’ 16
,Swift Part 1 - sociale rechtvaardigheid
Social, distributive and retributive justice are all other concepts.
Basic concept of justice = giving people what is due to them
-> ties justice to duty
-> but what is due to people? What do they deserve?
Three conceptions
1. Rawls justice as fairness
2. Nozick’s justice as entitlement
3. Justice as desert.
Hayek
- Society cant be (un)just, as it is not an agent
- Only people and their actions can be (un)just
- Coercive redistribution by the state is an unjustifiable interference with individual liberty
- No interference state -> individuals acting freely will produce catallaxy (e.g. free market)
Rawls: justice as fairness
- A theory of justice changed political philosophy
- “Justice is the first virtue of social institutions”
- Top priority when it comes to deciding the rules we live under
- Best principle chosen by people who do not know how the principle swill affect them
- Do not know their natural talents, social status, etc.
- Do not know their conceptions of good
According to rawls, these are the principles that would be chosen;
1. each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of basic liberties
compatible with a similar system of liberty for all
2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both
a. to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged
b. attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equal
opportunities
Als je de minst bevoordeelde het meeste wil bevorderen, waarom dan niet iedereen evenveel (geld)
geven?
- Motivatie om te werken weg
- Een beetje ongelijkheid is nodig om de economie te bevorderen
- Groei en talenten benutten zijn nuttig voor iedereen
, Kritiek op rawls
- Wie zijn “de minst bevoordeelde”?
- Ze moeten ‘zo veel mogelijk bijvoorbeeld’ worden, en niet ‘iets meer dan het minst’
Hypothetisch contract = device om na te denken over van rechtvaardig is en vervolgens te doen wat
rechtvaardig is, niet omdat je gebonden bent om dat te doen.
Nozick: justice as entitlement
- Anarchy, state and utopia is coherent and systematic articulation of libertarion (liberal right)
principles
- And a critique at rawls approach
- Kernpunt = recht to self-ownership en bezittingen respecteren
- Kernpunt = staat moet zo min mogelijk bemoeien (met de distributie van goederen)
- Goederen geen “manna from heaven” maar door mensen gecreëerd, dus ze hebben daar
echt op
- Structurele ongelijkheden kunnen rechtvaardig zijn
- Kritiek redistributie staat: using some people as means to the end of other people
Nozick's 3 way of acquiring property holding
1. Initial acquisition
a. Make previously unowned property your own
2. Voluntary transfer
a. How the free market works
3. Rectification
a. Unjust transfers may be rectified
(redistribution is, as seen, not one of these)
Liberty upsets pattern
Example: we start with equal distribution of money, but some people decide to spend it on seeing a
footballer play. The footballer is now very rich, while others are poor. This is unequal, but just. Also,
the pattern of equal distribution is gone
Objection to this: insists that “absolute” property exists.
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