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Samenvatting 2e deel tentamen Evolutie en Biodiversiteit
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Hierin zijn alle hoorcolleges samengevat tot 1 document voor het 2e deel tentamen van het 1e jaars vak Evolutie & Biodiversiteit.
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Summary of unit 8, the ecology of life - Biology, a global approach, 12th edition
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Samenvatting Biology chapter 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
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Samenvatting Biology chapter 13, 14, 15, 16
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InhoudsopgaveHoorcollege 10 ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Bryophytes: kenmerken ...................................................................................................................... 5
Levenscyclus .................................................................................................................................... 5
Morfologie Hepatophyta ..................................................................................................................... 6
Morfologie Bryophyta ......................................................................................................................... 7
Bryophytes: toepassingen ............................................................................................................... 7
Ontstaan vaatplanten (Tracheata) ...................................................................................................... 7
5 transportweefsel en stele............................................................................................................. 7
Tracheata – Indelingen .................................................................................................................... 8
6. Ontstaan echte bladeren ................................................................................................................. 8
6. Ontstaan micro- en megafyllen ....................................................................................................... 8
Pteridophytes – verdeling ................................................................................................................... 8
Pteridophytes – kenmerken ............................................................................................................ 9
Pteridophytes – levenscyclus .......................................................................................................... 9
Morfologie Lycophyta ..................................................................................................................... 9
Morfologie Monilophyta ................................................................................................................. 9
Toepassingen Pteridophytes ......................................................................................................... 10
Ontstaan houtplanten (Lignophyten) en zaadplanten (Spermatophyten) ....................................... 10
7a. Ontstaan vasculair cambium ................................................................................................... 10
7b. Houtige secondaire diktegroei ................................................................................................ 10
8. Ontstaan zaadknoppen en pollen ................................................................................................. 11
8a. Heterosporie ................................................................................................................................ 11
8b. Endosporie................................................................................................................................... 11
8c. Retentie van de megaspore ......................................................................................................... 11
8d. Vorming integument ................................................................................................................... 12
Definitie zaadknop en zaad ............................................................................................................... 12
Bevruchting van een ovule ................................................................................................................ 12
Hoorcollege 11 ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Verschillen Planten → Fungi → Dieren? ........................................................................................... 12
Ontstaan van het dierenrijk............................................................................................................... 13
Welk kenmerk zou je kiezen? ........................................................................................................ 13
Anatomische vlakken ........................................................................................................................ 14
Coelomen in Bilateria ........................................................................................................................ 14
Protostomia versus Deuterostomia .................................................................................................. 14
, Fylum Porifera – Sponzen.................................................................................................................. 15
Interactie choanocyte en amoebocyt ............................................................................................... 16
Fylum Cnidaria – Neteldieren ............................................................................................................ 16
Poliep of meduse? ............................................................................................................................. 16
De evolutie van twee cellagen .......................................................................................................... 17
Interactie Porifera & Cnidaria en de mens ........................................................................................ 17
Coelomen in wormen ........................................................................................................................ 17
Peritoneum en mesenterium ............................................................................................................ 18
Fylum Platyhelminthes – Platwormen .............................................................................................. 18
Interactie Platyhelminthes met mens en dier ................................................................................... 18
Fylum Nematoda – Rondwormen ..................................................................................................... 19
Fylum Annelida – Ringwormen ......................................................................................................... 19
Fylum Mollusca – Weekdieren .......................................................................................................... 19
Verschillende klassen Mollusca ......................................................................................................... 19
Klasse Cephalopoda........................................................................................................................... 20
Interactie Mollusca met mens, dier en plant .................................................................................... 20
Fylum Arthropoda – Geleedpotigen .................................................................................................. 20
Arthropoda – vier subfyla .................................................................................................................. 21
Fylogenie – Cambrium-explosie ........................................................................................................ 21
Interactie Arthropoda met mens, dier en plant ................................................................................ 21
Hoorcollege 12 ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Criteria voor indeling ......................................................................................................................... 22
Echinodermata – stekelhuidigen ....................................................................................................... 22
Phylum Echinodermata ................................................................................................................. 22
Bouwplan....................................................................................................................................... 23
Evolutie van complexiteit .............................................................................................................. 24
Homeotische genen................................................................................................................... 24
Phylum Chordata ............................................................................................................................... 25
Kenmerken .................................................................................................................................... 25
Vertebraten ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Gnathostomata ................................................................................................................................. 26
Haaien............................................................................................................................................ 26
Osteichthyans – beenvissen .............................................................................................................. 26
Lobe-fins - Lobvinnigen ..................................................................................................................... 27
Tetrapoden ........................................................................................................................................ 27
Amnioten ........................................................................................................................................... 28
, Reptielen ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Reptielen → vogels ........................................................................................................................... 29
Zoogdieren ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Zoogdieren → zee ............................................................................................................................. 30
Primaten ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Hoorcollege 13 – Hoofdstuk 26 ............................................................................................................. 31
Microbiële diversiteit ........................................................................................................................ 31
Wat is een micro-organisme?........................................................................................................ 31
Levende biologische verschijnselen? ............................................................................................ 31
Virussen ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Kenmerken ................................................................................................................................ 32
Structuur .................................................................................................................................... 32
Replicatie ................................................................................................................................... 32
Bacteriofagen ................................................................................................................................ 32
Lytische cyclus ........................................................................................................................... 32
Lysogene cyclus ......................................................................................................................... 32
Smallpox Virus ............................................................................................................................... 33
Influenza Virus ............................................................................................................................... 33
Giant viruses .................................................................................................................................. 33
Prokaryoten ................................................................................................................................... 33
Voeding van prokaryoten .......................................................................................................... 33
Opbouw van prokaryote cel ...................................................................................................... 34
Gram-keuring................................................................................................................................. 34
Peptidoglycaan .......................................................................................................................... 34
Kapsel en fimbriae/pili................................................................................................................... 34
Flagellen ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Genetische materiaal .................................................................................................................... 34
Horizontal Gene transfer ............................................................................................................... 35
Samenwerking ............................................................................................................................... 35
Hoorcollege 14 – Hoofdstuk 28 & 31 .................................................................................................... 35
Microbiële diversiteit 2 ..................................................................................................................... 35
Protisten ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Diversiteit protisten....................................................................................................................... 36
Protisten vs. Ecosystemen ......................................................................................................... 36
Negatieve interactie ...................................................................................................................... 37
Oömyceten .................................................................................................................................... 37
, Schimmels.......................................................................................................................................... 37
Verwant aan dieren ....................................................................................................................... 37
Groei van schimmels – Hyphae ..................................................................................................... 37
Seksuele vs. Aseksuele voortplanting........................................................................................ 38
Groepen schimmels ....................................................................................................................... 38
Rol schimmels in de natuur ........................................................................................................... 39
Hoorcollege 15 ...................................................................................................................................... 39
Eukaryotische tree of life: ................................................................................................................. 39
Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor had: ....................................................................................... 40
Twee of drie domeinen tree of life.................................................................................................... 40
Endosymbiose ................................................................................................................................... 41
Genetische innovaties ....................................................................................................................... 41
Gen duplicaties gedurende de eukaryogenese ............................................................................. 41
“Textbook” hypothese: ................................................................................................................. 42
Mitochondria-early hypothese ...................................................................................................... 42
,Hoorcollege 10
Bryophytes: kenmerken
• Eerste fossielen: 468 Mya
• Bevruchting gaat via water
• Geen wortels: draadvormige rhizoïden
• Geen ‘echt’ vaatweefsel
• Geen ‘echte’ bladeren
• Sporofyt afhankelijk van gametofyt
• Habitus klein, afhankelijk van water
Levenscyclus
,Morfologie Hepatophyta
, Morfologie Bryophyta
Bryophytes: toepassingen
• Antibacterieel middel
• Voedingsbodem kweekplanten
• Tool om impact op ecosystemen te waar te nemen
– Zakjes met mossen die zware metalen opnemen
– Watermossen uitzetten
Ontstaan vaatplanten (Tracheata)
• Eerste fossielen: 425 mya
• Ontstaan onafhankelijke, blijvende sporophyt
• Ontstaan gespecialiseerde vaatcellen:
– Xylem (Xyleem) en Phloem (Floëem)
• Ontstaan Stele
• Ontstaan wortels en ‘echte’ bladeren
5 transportweefsel en stele
2 Typen transportweefsel:
• Xyleem: aaneengesloten dode, lange dikke cellen:
– transport van water en nutriënten
• Phloem: aaneengesloten levende cellen:
– transport van metabolieten
• Stele: verzameling en rangschikking vaatbundelweefsel
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