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Samenvatting deel cytologie
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samenvatting van het boek Cytologie & histologie. Bevat enkel het eerste deel: Cytologie (hoofdstuk 1-8) (pg 1-172) samengevoegd met de online lessen van het jaar
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By: bryanvanriet • 2 year ago
By: daraoguntubi • 3 year ago
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INHOUDSTAFEL CYTOLOGIEInleiding ....................................................................................................................................................................................5
1. CELAFMETINGEN ........................................................................................................................................................................5
2. CELVORM .................................................................................................................................................................................5
3. CELBOUW .................................................................................................................................................................................5
Hoofdstuk 1: Celmembraan ......................................................................................................................................................6
1. STRUCTUUR...............................................................................................................................................................................6
1.1. Lipiden ...........................................................................................................................................................................6
1.2. Eiwitten..........................................................................................................................................................................6
1.3. Glucocalyx......................................................................................................................................................................6
2. SPECIALE VORMEN VAN HET CELMEMBRAAN ....................................................................................................................................7
2.1. Aan de exracellulaire ruimte: microvilli en cilia .............................................................................................................7
2.2. Aan de intercellulaire ruimte: celjuncties, junctionele complexen ................................................................................8
3. TRANSPORT DOOR HET CELMEMBRAAN ...........................................................................................................................................9
3.1. Diffusie...........................................................................................................................................................................9
3.2. De rol van transporteiwitten .........................................................................................................................................9
3.3. Endocytose en exocytose .............................................................................................................................................10
3.3.1. Endocytose............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
3.3.2. Exocytose ............................................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.4. Osmose ........................................................................................................................................................................11
3.4.1. Hypertoon .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
3.4.2. Isotoon ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.4.3. Hypotoon ............................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4. MEMBRAANPOTENTIAAL............................................................................................................................................................12
4.1. Rustmembraanpotentiaal Em.......................................................................................................................................12
4.1.1. Na+/K+-atp-ase pompactiviteit ............................................................................................................................................... 12
4.1.2. Membraanpermeabiliteit voor ionen .................................................................................................................................... 12
4.1.3. Verschil in samenstelling tussen ECV en ICV .......................................................................................................................... 12
4.2. De actiepotentiaal .......................................................................................................................................................13
4.2.1. Fasen ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.2. Kenmerken van de actiepotentiaal ........................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2.3. Ontstaan van de actiepotentiaal ............................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2.4. Effect van een actiepotentiaal op de celfunctie ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.3. Potentiaalberekeningen ..............................................................................................................................................15
4.3.1. Berekenen van de verschillende evenwichtspotentialen in een levende cel ......................................................................... 15
5. INTERCELLULAIRE COMMUNICATIE ...............................................................................................................................................16
5.1. Structuur van een receptor ..........................................................................................................................................17
5.2. Hormoon-receptorbinding en interacties met DNA .....................................................................................................17
,Hoofdstuk 2: De cytoplasmatische organellen ........................................................................................................................18
1. HET ENDOPLASMATISCH RETICULUM ............................................................................................................................................18
1.1. Het ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum (RER) ..................................................................................................................18
1.2. Het glad endoplasmatisch reticulum (GER) .................................................................................................................18
1.3. Ribosomen en polysomen ............................................................................................................................................19
1.4. Anulate lamellae..........................................................................................................................................................19
1.5. Sarcoplasmatisch reticulum.........................................................................................................................................19
2. HET GOLGI-APPARAAT ...............................................................................................................................................................20
2.1. Structuur ......................................................................................................................................................................20
2.2. Functie van het golgi-apparaat ...................................................................................................................................20
3. MITOCHONDRIËN .....................................................................................................................................................................21
3.1. Structuur ......................................................................................................................................................................21
3.2. Functie .........................................................................................................................................................................21
4. CYTOSOMEN............................................................................................................................................................................22
4.1. Lysosomen ...................................................................................................................................................................22
4.1.1. Primaire lysosomen................................................................................................................................................................ 22
4.1.2. Secundaire lysosomen ........................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2. Peroxysomen ...............................................................................................................................................................22
5. MICROTUBULI..........................................................................................................................................................................22
5.1. Bouw ............................................................................................................................................................................22
5.2. Voorkomen ..................................................................................................................................................................23
5.3. Rol ................................................................................................................................................................................23
6. FILAMENTEN EN FIBRILLEN..........................................................................................................................................................23
6.1. Bouw ............................................................................................................................................................................23
6.2. Voorkomen ..................................................................................................................................................................23
6.3. Rol ................................................................................................................................................................................23
7. CENTROSOOM EN CENTRIOLEN ....................................................................................................................................................24
7.1. Bouw ............................................................................................................................................................................24
7.2. Voorkomen ..................................................................................................................................................................24
7.3. Rol ................................................................................................................................................................................24
8. PIGMENTKORRELS ....................................................................................................................................................................24
8.1. Lipofuscines .................................................................................................................................................................24
8.2. Melanines ....................................................................................................................................................................25
8.3. Hemoglobinogenen .....................................................................................................................................................25
9. GLYCOGEEN ............................................................................................................................................................................25
10. VETTEN ..............................................................................................................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 3: De celkern ..........................................................................................................................................................26
1. DE KERNENVELOPPE ..................................................................................................................................................................26
2. HET KERNCHROMATINE .............................................................................................................................................................26
3. DE NUCLEOLUS ........................................................................................................................................................................27
4. EXTRACHROMOSOMAAL DNA ......................................................................................................................................................27
4.1. Organellen in het cytoplasma ......................................................................................................................................27
4.2. Plasmiden en recombinant-dna...................................................................................................................................27
,Hoofdstuk 4: De cel gestuurd vanuit de kern – de eiwitsynthese ............................................................................................28
1. DE STRUCTUUR VAN EEN GEN......................................................................................................................................................28
2. DE HYPOTHESE VAN ÉÉN GEN OF ÉÉN ENZYM ..................................................................................................................................29
3. DE SYNTHESE VAN EIWITTEN .......................................................................................................................................................29
3.1. Transcriptie van DNA naar mRNA ...............................................................................................................................29
3.2. Eiwitsynthese op de ribosomen ...................................................................................................................................29
3.3. De genetische code ......................................................................................................................................................29
3.4. De translatie met tRNA................................................................................................................................................30
3.5. Het afbakenen van de code .........................................................................................................................................30
3.5.1. Hoe leest een ribosoom elk codon af? ................................................................................................................................... 30
3.5.2. Hoe wordt het einde van een boodschap aangegeven? ........................................................................................................ 30
3.6. Het model in zijn geheel ..............................................................................................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 5: Energetische omzettingen in de cel ....................................................................................................................31
1. INLEIDING ...............................................................................................................................................................................31
2. ANAEROBE DISSIMILATIE ............................................................................................................................................................31
2.1. Systeem I: het creatinefosfaatsysteem ........................................................................................................................31
2.2. Systeem II: het lactische-anaerobe systeem ................................................................................................................31
3. AEROBE DISSIMILATIE ................................................................................................................................................................32
3.1. Een afbraak in fasen ....................................................................................................................................................32
3.1.1. Fase II: decarboxylering ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.1.2. Fase III: citroenzuurcylcus ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.1.3. Fase IV: overdracht van elektronen aan zuurstof .................................................................................................................. 33
3.2. De energievoorziening in het algemeen ......................................................................................................................33
4. DE ENERGIEVOORZIENING VAN VETTEN EN EIWITTEN .......................................................................................................................33
5. DE MITOCHONDRIËN ALS ENERGIECENTRALE ..................................................................................................................................33
Hoofdstuk 6: Celgroei en celdeling ..........................................................................................................................................34
1. INLEIDING ...............................................................................................................................................................................34
2. DE CELCYCLUS..........................................................................................................................................................................34
2.1. De G1-periode of eerste groeiperiode ..........................................................................................................................34
2.2. De S-periode of syntheseperiode .................................................................................................................................34
2.3. De G2-periode of tweede groeiperiode ........................................................................................................................34
2.4. M-fase of de eigenlijke celdelingsfase .........................................................................................................................35
2.4.1. Mitose of vermenigvuldigingsdeling ..................................................................................................................................... 35
2.4.2. Meiose of reductiedeling ....................................................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.3. Verschillen tussen mitose en meiose 1 .................................................................................................................................. 37
, Hoofdstuk 7: Embryologie .......................................................................................................................................................38
1. BEVRUCHTING .........................................................................................................................................................................38
1.1. Fase I: penetratie van de corona radiata.....................................................................................................................38
1.2. Fase II: penetratie van de zona pellucida ....................................................................................................................38
1.3. Fase III: fusie van de celmembranen van de oôcyt en het spermatozoön ...................................................................38
2. EMBRYONALE ONTWIKKELING .....................................................................................................................................................39
2.1. De eerste klievingen ....................................................................................................................................................39
2.2. De latere embyonale stadia .........................................................................................................................................39
2.2.1. Postembryonale ontwikkeling................................................................................................................................................ 40
2.2.2. Veroudering en dood ............................................................................................................................................................. 40
2.3. Apoptose en necrose ...................................................................................................................................................40
3. NA DE GEBOORTE .....................................................................................................................................................................40
3.1. Differentiatie ...............................................................................................................................................................41
3.1.1. De klievingen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.2. Weefselinteracties ................................................................................................................................................................. 41
3.1.3. Organisatoren en inductiestoffen .......................................................................................................................................... 41
3.1.4. Hormonen .............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
3.2. Dedifferentiatie ...........................................................................................................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 8: Genetica ............................................................................................................................................................43
1. INLEIDING ...............................................................................................................................................................................43
2. MONOHYBRIDE OVERERVING ......................................................................................................................................................43
2.1. De experimenten van Mendel......................................................................................................................................43
2.2. Conclusies ....................................................................................................................................................................43
2.3. Hedendaagse inzichten................................................................................................................................................43
3. DIHYBRIDE EN TRIHYBRIDE OVERERVING ........................................................................................................................................44
3.1. De verdeling over de nakomelingen ............................................................................................................................44
3.2. Dihybride kruising ........................................................................................................................................................44
3.3. Trihybride kruising .......................................................................................................................................................45
4. INTERACTIES TUSSEN GENEN .......................................................................................................................................................45
5. POLYMORFISME .......................................................................................................................................................................45
5.1. Hemoglobine ...............................................................................................................................................................45
5.2. Bloedgroepen ..............................................................................................................................................................46
6. COMPLICERENDE FACTOREN .......................................................................................................................................................46
7. ERFELIKHEID EN MILIEU ..............................................................................................................................................................46
8. GENETISCHE VARIANTIE EN MILIEUMATIGE VARIANTIE ......................................................................................................................47
9. VERANDERINGEN IN DE GENEN ....................................................................................................................................................47
10. VERANDERINGEN IN DE CHROMOSOMEN ...................................................................................................................................47
10.1. Structurele veranderingen .......................................................................................................................................47
10.2. Veranderingen in aantal ..........................................................................................................................................47
11. ‘GESLACHTSGEBONDEN’ ERFELIJKHEID .......................................................................................................................................48
12. GESLACHTSBEPALING ............................................................................................................................................................48
13. HETEROSOMALE EIGENSCHAPPEN ............................................................................................................................................48
14. KOPPELING VAN GENEN .........................................................................................................................................................48
14.1. Op chromosomaal niveau ........................................................................................................................................48
14.2. Chromosoomkaarten ...............................................................................................................................................48
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