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Samenvatting inleiding GPMLecture 1 introductie
PLANOLOGIE Erwin van der Krabben
Is verstedelijking een probleem?
- Hyper-verstedelijking in megasteden zeer problematisch:
o Huisvesting
o Leefbaarheid
o Milieukwaliteit
o Klimaat en weer
o Bereikbaarheid
o Betaalbaarheid
- Verstedelijking bepaald door combinatie bevolkings-/huishoudensgroei en economische
groei
Onderzoek planbureau voor de leefomgeving
- In een laag groeiscenario: grootste deel woningbouwproductie in bestaande stad
o Alleen in delen van Randstad en Gelderland nieuwe uitleg noodzakelijk
- In hoog groeiscenario: bestaande stad biedt slechts ruimte voor beperkt deel woningbouw
o Nieuwe uitleglocaties noodzakelijk
MILIEU Maria Kaufmann
Wat is een milieuvraagstuk?
- De overbelasting, de over bevraging van ecosystem services, waardoor de toekomst van die
functie niet gegarandeerd kan worden, of zelfs bedreigd is. Het overschrijden van planetary
boundaries.
Ecosysteemdiensten:
Welke diensten/services levert het ecosysteem?
- Samenleving grijpt in op fysieke omgeving, ruimte, natuur en milieu (water, temperatuur etc)
- Vanwege ‘functies’ van die omgeving
- Diensten die het ecosysteem levert: ecosysteem services, ES.
Kernvragen bij ecosysteemdiensten:
- functie wel of niet vernieuwbaar?
- functie realiseren met welke ingrepen?
- functie realiseren ten koste van welke effecten?
- wat is veerkracht (‘resilience’) van functie en systemen?
- Onzekerheid
- verdeling van (of toegang tot) ES?
Planetary boundaries:
Malthus theorie er zijn bronnen die groeien plenair, maar de bevolking groei exponentieel. Er is
dus een punt waarop we te weinig voedsel hebben voor de gehele bevolking. De ES (ecosysteem
services) zijn niet meer voldoende om de bevolking aan het leven te houden.
,De 9 plenatary boundaries zijn dus grenzen waarbinnen de bevolking moet blijven om duurzaam te
leven.
GEOGRAFIE Kolar Aparna
World system analysis
Core-periphery and semi-periphery regions
Relations of domination in trade between regions, control advanced technologies and high
productivity within diversified economies.
,KOLAR Knox en marston, H2,3,4
Lecture 2 Thema: klimaatverandering – Kolar Aparna
Globalisation and world systems theory
Politics of scale:
Politics of scale is a political choice, it is a question of who is having the power to making the scale.
Methodological nationalism
- Containerising social structures
- Space as container and not space as relations
World systems as a geographic scale
World systems analysis (WSA)
• choice of unit of analysis: “world-system” or “historical social system” and not “state
boundaries of societies”
• all social science must be historic and simultaneously systemic
• WSA not a theory but a protest against neglected issues; call for intellectual change; for
“unthinking” premises of 19th century social sciences…and even 21st century social sciences?
“what we mean by a world economy is a large geographic zone within which there is a division of
labour and hence significant internal exchange of basic or essential goods as well as flows of capital
and labour. A defining feature of a world-economy is that it is not bounded by a unitary political
structure.” (Wallerstein, 2004, p.23)
“Capitalism is not the mere existence of persons or firms producing for sale on the market with the
intention of obtaining a profit…We are in a capitalist system only when the system gives priority to
the endless accumulation of capital. It means people and firms are accumulating capital in order to
accumulate still more capital’’ (Wallerstein, 2004, p.24)
Spatial boundaries of capitalist world economy
• Core regions: dominate trade, control advanced technologies and high productivity within
diversified economies.
• Dominance and exploitation of other regions (colonialism); dependence on
participation of other regions
• Semi peripheral regions: exploit peripheral regions but themselves dominated by core
regions
• Peripheral regions: dependent and disadvantageous trading relations; narrowly specialized
economies
Critiques of world systems analysis
, • Too much focus on economy
• Still state centric
• Still seen from the perspective of ‘core’ countries;
• Limited perspective on how power operates
Glocalisation
• “combination of localities gaining in importance synchronically (and in close connection) with
spatial distance losing its significance”
• = "Combinatie van plaatsen die synchroon aan belang winnen (en in nauwe
samenhang) met ruimtelijke afstand die zijn betekenis verliest"
• “problems produced globally by extraterritorial forces located in “space of flows” (Manuel
Castells) well beyond the reach of local, territorially fixed political instruments of control”
• “localities serve nowadays as dumping grounds for problems generated globally”
• Example: immigration – global production of ‘redundant’ people
• Pollution – global consequences of adverse governance in distant countries but city needs to
clean air
• Cities as local laboratories for “space of flows” and “space of places”
Glokalisatie geeft aan dat het groeiende belang van continentale en mondiale
niveaus samengaat met het toenemende belang van lokale en regionale niveaus
Modernity/Coloniality
• No modernity without coloniality
• Progress, industrialisation, development, modernisation alongside war, destruction, racism,
sexism, inequalities, injustice, slavery
Coloniality as relations of power without official colonial administration
"coloniality" allows further conception of how power still processes in a colonial situation.."
”…by colonial situations I mean the cultural, political, sexual, spiritual, epistemic and economic
oppression/exploitation of subordinate racialized/ethnic groups by dominant racialized/ethnic
groups with or without the existence of colonial administration".
Final thoughts
• Choice of scale is political because it frames, focusing on some solutions while leaving out
others.
• Scale of Nation-state/Country also frames space as ‘container’ neatly bounded.
• World systems is a scale that can focus on relations across broader scale but also has its
limitations.
• Glocal relations is another scale of studying relations between localities.
• Everyday relations of power that we experience can also be a scale from where to look at
problems/solutions.
• Coloniality of power as unequal relations in scientific knowledge: who has the right to
categorise and map the world?
• “Nature” also a product of European expeditions
• Who is Human and not Human still a struggle
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