Samenvatting Psychologie, de essentie, 4e editie met mylab nl toegangscode, ISBN: 9789043035859 psychologie
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Course
Psychologie
Institution
Hogeschool Arnhem En Nijmegen (HAN)
Book
Psychologie, de essentie
Samenvatting van het boek psychologie de essentie 4e editie. Hoofdstuk 3 tm hoofdstuk 6 over het leren van volwassenen. soorten leren en psychologische stromingen.
BREINLEREN:............................................................................................................................................14
NEUROPLASTICITEIT:..................................................................................................................................15
4.1.1 INFORMATIEVERWERKINGSMODEL:..................................................................................................15
4.1.2 DE DRIE ESSENTIELE FUNCTIES VAN HET GEHEUGEN:.............................................................................15
CODEREN:................................................................................................................................................15
1
,OPSLAAN:................................................................................................................................................15
TERUGHALEN:...........................................................................................................................................15
4.2 HOE VORMEN WE HERINNERINGEN:....................................................................................................15
SENSORISCH GEHEUGEN..............................................................................................................................15
WERKGEHEUGEN.......................................................................................................................................15
LANGETERMIJNGEHEUGEN...........................................................................................................................15
4.2.1 HET EERSTE STADIUM SENSORISCH GEHEUGEN...................................................................................16
4.2.2 HET TWEEDE STADIUM WERKGEHEUGEN:.........................................................................................17
CHUNKING:..............................................................................................................................................17
AKOESTISCHE CODERING:............................................................................................................................17
SCHETSBOEK:............................................................................................................................................18
DE EPISODISCHE BUFFER:............................................................................................................................18
SEMANTISCHE BUFFER:...............................................................................................................................18
THEORIE VAN VERWERKINGSNIVEAU:.............................................................................................................18
4.2.3 HET DERDE STADIUM LANGETERMIJNGEHEUGEN:................................................................................19
PROCEDUEEL GEHEUGEN:............................................................................................................................19
DECLARATIEF GEHEUGEN:...........................................................................................................................19
EPISODISCH GEHEUGEN:.............................................................................................................................19
SEMANTISCH GEHEUGEN:............................................................................................................................20
SCHEMA’S:...............................................................................................................................................20
INFANTIELE AMNESIE:.................................................................................................................................20
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIE:............................................................................................................................20
RETROGRADE AMNESIE:..............................................................................................................................20
4.3 HOE HALEN WE HERINNERINGEN TERUG?.............................................................................................20
4.3.1 IMPLICIETE- EN EXPLICIETE HERINNERINGEN.......................................................................................20
IMPLICIETE HERINNERINGEN:.......................................................................................................................20
EXPLICIETE HERINNERINGEN:........................................................................................................................20
4.3.2 ERINNERINGSCUES:.......................................................................................................................20
HERINNERINGSCUES:..................................................................................................................................20
PRIMING:................................................................................................................................................21
OPHALEN:................................................................................................................................................21
HERKENNING:...........................................................................................................................................21
4.3.3 ANDERE FACTOREN DIE BELANGRIJK ZIJN BIJ HET TERUGHALEN:..............................................................21
PRINCIPE VAN SPECIFICITEIT VAN CODERING:...................................................................................................21
STEMMINGSCONGRUENTE HERINNERINGEN:...................................................................................................21
PROSPECTIEF GEHEUGEN:............................................................................................................................21
4.4 WAAROM LAAT ONS GEHEUGEN ONS SOMS IN DE STEEK:.........................................................................21
DE ZEVEN ZONDEN VAN HET GEHEUGEN:.......................................................................................................21
4.4.2 JE GEHEUGEN VERBETEREN:...........................................................................................................23
MNEMONIEKEN:.......................................................................................................................................23
DE METHODE VAN LOCI:.............................................................................................................................23
KAPSTOKWOORDEN:..................................................................................................................................23
HOOFDSTUK 5 DENKEN EN INTELLIGENTIE......................................................................................23
5.1 WAT ZIJN DE BOUWSTENEN VAN DENKEN:............................................................................................24
5.1.1 CONCEPTEN................................................................................................................................24
5.1.2 INTUÏTIE....................................................................................................................................24
5.1.3 SCHEMA’S..................................................................................................................................24
5.2 OVER WELKE VAARDIGHEDEN BESCHIKKEN GOEDE DENKERS?...................................................................24
2
,5.2.1 HET OPLOSSEN VAN PROBLEMEN:....................................................................................................24
ALGORITME:.............................................................................................................................................24
HEURISTIEKEN:.........................................................................................................................................25
OBSTAKELS BIJ HET OPLOSSEN VAN PROBLEMEN:.............................................................................................25
FOUTIEVE HEURISTIEKEN:............................................................................................................................25
PERSOONLIJKHEIDSKENMERKEN DIE UITZONDERLIJKE CREATIEVE MENSEN MET ELKAAR GEMEEN HEBBEN:...................26
5.3 BOUWSTENEN VAN INTELLIGENTIE:.....................................................................................................26
SAVANTSYNDROOM:..................................................................................................................................26
5.3.1 PSYCHOMETRISCHE THEORIEËN OVER INTELLIGENTIE:...........................................................................26
G-FACTOR/ ALGEMENE INTELLIGENTIE:..........................................................................................................26
5.3.2 COGNITIEVE THEORIEËN OVER INTELLIGENTIE:....................................................................................26
PRAKTISCHE INTELLIGENTIE:.........................................................................................................................26
LOGISCH REDENEREN/ ANALYTISCH OF COMPONENTIELE INTELLIGENTIE:...............................................................27
EXPERIMENTELE INTELLIGENTIE:...................................................................................................................27
LINGUÏSTISCHE INTELLIGENTIE:.....................................................................................................................27
LOGISCH-MATHEMATISCHE INTELLIGENTIE:.....................................................................................................27
RUIMTELIJKE INTELLIGENTIE:........................................................................................................................27
MUZIKALE INTELLIGENTIE:...........................................................................................................................27
LICHAMELIJKE-KINESTISCHE INTELLIGENTIE:.....................................................................................................27
NATURALISTISCHE INTELLIGENTIE:.................................................................................................................27
INTERPERSOONLIJKE INTELLIGENTIE:..............................................................................................................27
INTRAPERSOONLIJKE INTELLIGENTIE:..............................................................................................................27
HOOFDSTUK 6 MOTIVATIE EN EMOTIE:...........................................................................................27
MOTIVATIE:.............................................................................................................................................27
6.1 WAT MOTIVEERT ONS?....................................................................................................................28
EXTRINSIEKE MOTIVATIE:............................................................................................................................28
INTRINSIEKE MOTIVATIE:.............................................................................................................................28
6.1.1 PRESTATIEMOTIVATIE:...................................................................................................................28
PRESTATIEDRANG:.....................................................................................................................................28
DE PRESTATIEMOTIVATIETEST:......................................................................................................................28
CULTURELE VISIE OP PRESTATIE:...................................................................................................................28
6.1.2 DE ONVERWACHTE EFFECTEN VAN BELONINGEN OP MOTIVATIE:.............................................................29
OVERRECHTVAARDIGING:............................................................................................................................29
6.2 HOE WORDEN ONZE MOTIVATIEPRIORITEITEN GESTELD?..........................................................................29
6.2.1 INSTINCTTHEORIE:........................................................................................................................29
INSTINCTTEHORIE:.....................................................................................................................................29
GEFIXEERDE ACTIEPATRONEN:......................................................................................................................29
6.2.2 DRIJFVEERTHEORIE:......................................................................................................................29
6.2.3 PSYCHODYNAMISCHE THEORIE VAN FREUD:.......................................................................................29
6.2.4 BEHOEFTEN HIËRARCHIE VAN MASLOW:...........................................................................................30
6.2.5 EEN NIEUWE BEHOEFTEHIËRARCHIE:.................................................................................................30
6.2.6 DE ZELFDETERMINATIETHEORIE:......................................................................................................31
6.2.7 OVERZICHT:................................................................................................................................32
6.3 HOE MOTIVEREN ONZE EMOTIES ONS?................................................................................................33
6.3.1 ONDERDELEN VAN EMOTIES:..........................................................................................................33
6.3.2 WAT EMOTIES MET ONS DOEN:.......................................................................................................34
6.3.3 EMOTIES TELLEN:.........................................................................................................................34
6.3.4 UNIVERSELE EXPRESSIE VAN EMOTIE:................................................................................................34
3
, 6.4 WAAR KOMEN ONZE EMOTIES VANDAAN?...........................................................................................35
6.4.1 DE NEUROWETENSCHAP VAN EMOTIES:............................................................................................35
LATERALISATIE VAN EMOTIES:......................................................................................................................35
6.4.2 THEORIEEN VAN EMOTIE: DE OUDE CONTROVERSE..............................................................................35
JAMES-LANGETHEORIE:...............................................................................................................................35
CANNON-BARDTHEORIE:.............................................................................................................................35
TWEE-FACTORTHEORIE:..............................................................................................................................35
MISATTRIBUTIE:........................................................................................................................................35
6.4.3 HET BEHEERSEN VAN EMOTIES........................................................................................................36
EMOTIONELE INTELLIGENTIE:.......................................................................................................................36
Hoofdstuk 3 leren
Leren: een proces waardoor ervaringen een blijvende verandering veroorzaken in het gedrag
of in mentale processen.
Behaviortisch & cognitief:
Het is lastig om mentale processen te observeren, dat heeft geleidt tot een discussie tussen 2
soorten psychologen:
1. Behavioristische psychologie kan alleen een echte wetenschap zijn als het zich
beperkt tot objectieve, waarneembare stimuli en responsen.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXimwU6CbII
2. Cognitief leren kan alleen begrepen worden als we bepaalde logische
gevolgtrekkingen kunnen maken over verborgen mentale processen.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um7Nce050v0
Beide partijen hebben een belangrijke bijdrage geleverd aan onze kennis over leren.
Waarom is leren zo belangrijk?
- Anders zijn we afhankelijk van onze reflexen en ons aangeboren gedrag
- Leren geeft ons flexibiliteit om ons aan te passen aan veranderende/nieuwe situaties.
Habituatie Het niet reageren op een stimulus. Alle organismen kennen deze vaardigheid.
4
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