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Summary Molecular Biology - Unit 2 SL Bio
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Unit 2 of the IB Bio SL - Molecular biology (whole course summary)
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Unit 2 - Molecular biologyMolecular biology explains living processes in terms of chemical substances involved
Organic compound
a compound that contains carbon and found in all living organisms
Carbon:
forms the basis of organic life due to its ability to form large and complex molecules via covalent
bonding
can form 4 covalent bonds (carbon is stable)
Carbon Structure and Function Monomer Polyme
compounds
Carbohydrates C, H and O
short-term energy storage
source of energy
recognition molecules eg.
glycoproteins
structural component eg. DNA
Nucleic acids genetic material of all cells
determines inherited features of
organisms
DNA - master code for protein
assembly
RNA - manufacturing of proteins
Proteins C, H, O and N (some include S)
involved in catalysts (enzymes)
structural molecules
cellular signalling (transduction
pathways)
Lipids non-polar, hydrophobic molecules
major component of cell
membranes (phospholipids
and cholesterol)
long-term energy storage
thermal insulation
singling molecule (steroids)
,Monomers
1. Carbohydrates
monosaccharides - single sugar unit (recurring monomers; form ring structures); link together by
condensation reaction;
glucose, fructose and galactose
energy source
Ribose Glucose
disaccharides (two sugar units); glycosidic linkage;
lactose, maltose (glucose + glucose) and sucrose
transport form
polysaccharides (many sugar units); glycosidic linkage;
cellulose, glycogen and starch
storage form
where? subunit? bonds?
Cellulose cell wall β-glucose 1-4
indigestible for
, many animals (lack of
enzyme required)
Glycogen liver of animals α-glucose 1-4 and 1-6
Starch plants α-glucose 1-4
function:
storage of glucose
doesn’t affect
osmosis
2. Lipids (vary in structure -> do not have a recurring monomer)
Monomers
fatty acids (long chain of hydrocarbons)
unsaturated (double bond)
bent
originate from plant sources
liquid at RT
monounsaturated (1 double bond), polyunsaturated (>1 double bond)
cis - H + carbon double bond are on the same side; trans - H + carbon double bond are
on the different side (do not occur in nature - produced in industrial processes)
saturated (single bond)
linear
originate from animal sources
solid at RT
mono-glycerides
Polymers
glycogen, starch (in granules) and cellulose (in cell wall)
triglycerides - long-term energy storage, largest class of lipids
formed via condensation reaction
formation of 3 molecules of water
3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol = ester linkage
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