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Kress & Van Leeuwen (2006): Narrative Representations: Designing social action
(Chapter 2)
Vector = the contrast between foreground and background
Visual structures = never merely formal they have an important semantic dimension
Participants:
- Interactive = the participants in the act of communication who watch the image
- Represented = the participants who constitute the subject matter of the communication
who are in the image
Represented participants:
- Formal art theory:
o Participants = volumes and masses with a distinct weight or gravitational pull
o Processes = vectors, tensions or dynamic forces
- Functional semiotic theory:
o Actor, goal and recipient
o Transaction = something the actor does to the goal
Analytical structure:
- Carrier and attribute instead of actor and goal
- The way participants fit together to make up a larger whole
- The carrier = represents the whole
- Possessive attributes = represents the parts
Participants in the image:
- Conjoined = when the entities are separated
- Compounded = welded together, still distinct components of the whole
- Fusion = the separate identities of the participants have disappeared
Elongation:
- Vertical = more pronounced distinction between top and bottom
- Horizontal:
o Causes a shape to lean towards the kind of structure in which what is positioned
on the left is presented as ‘given’ = already familiar to the reader
, o What is positioned on the right is presented as ‘new’ = information not yet
known to the reader
Visual processes:
- Narrative:
o When participants are connected by a vector = diagonal line in the image
o Actor = participants from whom or which the vector departs, may be fused with
the vector
- Conceptual = representing participants in terms of their class, structure or meaning
Narrative processes:
- Action processes:
o Transactional = actor vector goal:
Uni-directional = one participant is actor, the other is the goal
Bidirectional:
Each participant playing now the role of actor, now the role of
goal
Not clear if it is simultaneously or in succession
o Non-transactional = actor vector no goal
o Event = no actor vector goal
o Major process = the big action
o Minor process = the smaller action that is embedded in the major process
- Reactional processes:
o Transactional = reacter vector phenomenom
o Non-transactional = reacter vector non phenomenom
- Speech process and mental processes:
o Thought and dialogue balloons in comic strips
o Projective structure = the content or the balloon are not represented directly
- Conversion processes:
o Relay:
Participant who functions both as actor and goal
Vector actor vector goal vector actor
Common in representations of natural events
- Geometrical symbolism:
o Pictorial or abstract patterns as processes
- Circumstances:
o Secondary participants that are related to main participants
o Could be left out without affecting the basic proposition realized by the narrative
pattern
o Sorts of circumstances:
Locative circumstances:
Relate other participants to a specific participant (setting)
Contrast between foreground and background:
o The participants in the foreground overlap and partially
obscure the setting
o The setting is drawn or painted in less detail
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