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Psychologie - volledige samenvatting a.d.h.v. het boek psychologische stromingen vroeger en vandaag

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In deze samenvattingen vind je alle te kennen leerstof voor het examen psychologie aan de opleiding orthopedagogie aan HoGent. Deze samenvatting bevat alle te kennen leerstof uit het boek, de PowerPoints én de lessen! Ook is deze uitgerust met een heel handige inhoudstafel én een samenvattend s...

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Psychologie
Samenvatting semester I
Bachelor in de orthopedagogie




Thyra Janssens
MT1 – 1A3.1 0
CAMPUS SCHOONMEERSEN

,1

,Inhoudsopgave
1. Wat is psychologie? ......................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Een inleiding ................................................................................................................ 11
2. De kenmerken van wetenschap ........................................................................................ 12
2.1 Domein........................................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Hypothesen en theorieën ............................................................................................. 12
2.3 Reductie ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Intersubjectieve overeenstemming ............................................................................... 13
2.5 Formulering ................................................................................................................. 13
2.6 voortgang .................................................................................................................... 13
2.7 Kritisch ........................................................................................................................ 14
2.8 Mensbeeld en filosofisch gedachtengoed ...................................................................... 14
2.8.1 Organisch mensbeeld .................................................................................................... 14
2.8.2 Mechanistisch zelfbeeld ................................................................................................ 14
2.8.3 Personalistisch mensbeeld ............................................................................................ 14
3. Situering tussen de wetenschappen .................................................................................. 15
3.1 Soorten wetenschappen ............................................................................................... 15
4. Methoden – die worden gebruikt in psychologie................................................................ 16
4.1 Mensenkennis.............................................................................................................. 16
4.2 Niet psychometrische methoden................................................................................... 16
4.2.1 Observatie ..................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.2 Introspectie ................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.3 interview ........................................................................................................................ 16
4.2.4 Anamnese = gevalsgeschiedenis ................................................................................... 17
4.2.5 Gevalstudie .................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.6 Projectieve technieken .................................................................................................. 18
4.3 Psychometrische methoden .......................................................................................... 20
4.3.1 Experiment .................................................................................................................... 20
4.3.2 correlationeel onderzoek .............................................................................................. 21
4.3.3 testen = gestandaardiseerde meetprocedure............................................................... 22
4.3.4 Disciplines ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.4 Schema : psychologie als wetenschap .......................................................................... 23
5. Dodo Bird Verdict – common factors Theory placebo ....................................................... 25
5.1 Enkele therapievormen ................................................................................................ 25
5.2 Dodo bird verdict ......................................................................................................... 25
5.3 Common Factors Theory ............................................................................................... 25

2

, 5.4 Placebo........................................................................................................................ 28
6. Dodo Bird Myth ............................................................................................................... 29
6.1 Verschil Dodo bird Verdict & Dodo bird Myth ................................................................ 29
6.2 De dodo bird myth ....................................................................................................... 29
7. Evidence-based werken.................................................................................................... 30
7.1 Wat? ........................................................................................................................... 30
7.2 Randomised Control Trials (RCT’s) ................................................................................. 31
7.3 Empirically Supported Treatments (EST) ........................................................................ 32
8. EMDR .............................................................................................................................. 33
8.1 EMDR, controversiële behandeling? .............................................................................. 33
9. Aan verbetering toe ......................................................................................................... 34
9.1 Efficiëntie van therapieën ............................................................................................. 34
10. Indeling en verdeling ........................................................................................................ 34
10.1 Wie doet wat? ............................................................................................................. 34
10.1.1 WIE doet wat ? .............................................................................................................. 34
10.1.2 Wie doet WAT?.............................................................................................................. 35
10.2 Integratief.................................................................................................................... 36
10.3 Online- of internet therapie .......................................................................................... 37
10.4 Kritisch tegenover psychiatrie ....................................................................................... 39
10.5 Patiënt en cliënt ........................................................................................................... 39
10.6 Schema : psychotherapie ............................................................................................. 40
11. Hoofdstuk 3 : psychoanalyse............................................................................................ 42
11.1 Wat ervoor kwam ........................................................................................................ 42
11.1.1 Mesmer ......................................................................................................................... 42
11.1.2 Jean-Martin-Charot ....................................................................................................... 42
11.1.3 Hypnose ......................................................................................................................... 43
11.1.4 Breuer ............................................................................................................................ 43
11.1.5 Fliess .............................................................................................................................. 43
11.2 Theorieën en concepten ............................................................................................... 44
11.2.1 Psychoseksuele fasen .................................................................................................... 44
11.2.2 Persoonlijkheidsstructuur ............................................................................................. 45
11.2.3 het onbewuste............................................................................................................... 46
11.2.4 Analytische kuur ............................................................................................................ 47
11.3 Afweermechanismen / Copingstrategieën ..................................................................... 49
11.3.1 Sublimatie ...................................................................................................................... 49
11.3.2 Fixatie en regressie ........................................................................................................ 49

3

, 11.3.3 Isoleren, splitsen en dissociëren ................................................................................... 50
11.3.4 Verplaatsing ................................................................................................................... 50
11.3.5 Rationalisatie ................................................................................................................. 50
11.3.6 Ontkenning en vermijding ............................................................................................. 50
11.3.7 Intellectualisatie ............................................................................................................ 51
11.3.8 Reactieformatie ............................................................................................................. 51
11.3.9 Projectie......................................................................................................................... 51
11.4 Volgelingen of net niet? ................................................................................................ 52
11.4.1 Carl G.Jung ..................................................................................................................... 53
11.4.2 Otto Rank....................................................................................................................... 54
11.4.3 Alfred Adler ................................................................................................................... 54
11.4.4 Melanie Klein ................................................................................................................. 54
11.4.5 Erich Fromm .................................................................................................................. 55
11.4.6 Jacques Lacan ................................................................................................................ 55
11.4.7 Objectrelatie .................................................................................................................. 56
11.5 Aantrekkingskracht ...................................................................................................... 58
11.6 Kritiek op de psychoanalyse .......................................................................................... 58
11.7 Schema psychoanalyse ................................................................................................ 59
11.8 Nog enkele belangrijke notities over de psychoanalyse................................................... 61
12. Behaviorisme .................................................................................................................. 63
12.1 Associatieleer als voorloper .......................................................................................... 63
12.1.1 Hermann Ebbinghaus .................................................................................................... 63
12.2 Kenmerken van het black-boxbehaviorisme ................................................................... 64
12.2.1 Wetenschappelijk observeerbaar gedrag ..................................................................... 64
12.2.2 S-R .................................................................................................................................. 64
12.2.3 Leerprocessen ............................................................................................................... 65
12.2.4 Experimenten ................................................................................................................ 65
12.3 Klassieke conditionering ............................................................................................... 66
12.3.1 Schema .......................................................................................................................... 66
12.3.2 voorbeelden .................................................................................................................. 67
12.3.3 Leerwetten van KLACO .................................................................................................. 69
12.3.4 Kenmerken KLACO......................................................................................................... 70
12.3.5 Toepassingen ................................................................................................................. 72
12.3.6 Methodieken ................................................................................................................. 72
12.3.7 Resultaten...................................................................................................................... 74
12.4 Operante conditionering............................................................................................... 75

4

, 12.4.1 Wat ? ............................................................................................................................. 75
12.4.2 Thorndike – the puzzle box ........................................................................................... 76
12.4.3 Skinner en zijn Skinnerbox ............................................................................................ 77
12.4.4 Sr, de consequenties ..................................................................................................... 78
12.4.5 Conditioneringsschema OPEC – gaat over de Sr ........................................................... 80
12.4.6 Belonen.......................................................................................................................... 82
12.4.7 Bekrachtigingsschema’s ................................................................................................ 84
12.4.8 Belonen en negeren ...................................................................................................... 85
12.4.9 Confrontatie vermijden ................................................................................................. 85
12.4.10 Straf en wegnemen van iets leuk ............................................................................. 86
12.4.11 Wegnemen van het aangename en negeren ........................................................... 86
12.4.12 Leerwetten van OPEC ................................................................................................ 87
12.4.13 Kenmerken OPEC....................................................................................................... 88
12.4.14 Toepassingen ............................................................................................................. 90
12.4.15 Neobehaviorisme ...................................................................................................... 90
12.5 Nog enkele belangrijke notities bij het hoofdstuk Behaviourisme .................................... 91
12.6 Schema bij het Behaviorisme ....................................................................................... 92
13. Hoofdstuk 5 : humanistische psychologie ......................................................................... 96
13.1 uitgangspunten ............................................................................................................ 96
13.2 invloeden..................................................................................................................... 97
13.3 Carl Rogers .................................................................................................................. 98
13.3.1 Wie was Rogers ............................................................................................................. 98
13.3.2 Ideeën van Rogers ......................................................................................................... 98
13.4 Cliënt-centered therapy ............................................................................................... 100
13.4.1 Beschrijving.................................................................................................................. 100
13.4.2 Basishoudingen............................................................................................................ 101
13.4.3 Focussen – Eugene Gendlin ......................................................................................... 102
13.5 Thomas Gordon .......................................................................................................... 102
13.5.1 Wie was Gordon .......................................................................................................... 102
13.5.2 Behoefteconflict .......................................................................................................... 103
13.5.3 Waardeconflict en overlegmodel ................................................................................ 109
13.6 Toepassingen .............................................................................................................. 110
13.6.1 Opvoeding ................................................................................................................... 110
13.6.2 Opvoeden in onderwijs ............................................................................................... 110
13.6.3 Personen met dementie – Validation methode .......................................................... 110
13.6.4 Personen met een beperking – Gentle teaching ......................................................... 111

5

, 13.7 Abraham Maslow ........................................................................................................ 111
13.7.1 De behoeftenpriamide van Maslow ............................................................................ 111
13.7.2 Erg-theorie ................................................................................................................... 114
13.8 Bespreking .................................................................................................................. 115
13.9 Nog enkele belangrijke notities bij humanistische psychologie ....................................... 117
13.10 Schema bij humanistische psychologie ........................................................................ 118
14. Hoofdstuk 7 : Systeemdenken ........................................................................................ 121
14.1 Situering .....................................................................................................................121
14.2 Systemen ....................................................................................................................121
14.2.1 Systeem volgens Watzlawick ....................................................................................... 122
14.3 Kenmerken van systeemdenken ...................................................................................122
14.3.1 Totaliteit Gestalt .......................................................................................................... 123
14.3.2 Integraal en complext = hollistisch denken ................................................................. 123
14.3.3 Contextueel ................................................................................................................. 123
14.3.4 Grenzen ....................................................................................................................... 124
14.3.5 Feedback...................................................................................................................... 125
14.3.6 Circulariteit of circulaire causaliteit............................................................................. 126
14.3.7 Equifinaliteit = alle wegen leiden naar Rome .............................................................. 127
14.4 Communicatie............................................................................................................. 129
14.4.1 Regelmatigheden......................................................................................................... 130
14.4.2 De vijf Axioma’s van Waltzlawick ................................................................................ 131
14.5 Systeemtherapeutische stromingen ............................................................................. 137
14.5.1 Strategische school ...................................................................................................... 137
14.5.2 De Cybernetische school ............................................................................................. 138
14.5.3 Structurele school........................................................................................................ 139
14.5.4 Contextuele school ...................................................................................................... 141
14.6 Nog enkele belangrijke notities bij systeemdenken ....................................................... 143
14.7 Schema bij systeemdenken ......................................................................................... 144
15. Hoofdstuk 9 : Cognitieve psychologie ..............................................................................149
15.1 Cognitie ...................................................................................................................... 149
15.1.1 Schema’s ...................................................................................................................... 149
15.1.2 Inner speech ................................................................................................................ 150
15.1.3 Latent leren : het experiment van Tolman .................................................................. 151
15.1.4 Attributie en labelen ................................................................................................... 152
15.2 CGT-RE(B)T-G-denken.................................................................................................. 153
15.2.1 Cognitieve gedragstherapie......................................................................................... 153

6

, 15.2.2 RET/ REBT .................................................................................................................... 155
15.2.3 G-denken ..................................................................................................................... 157
15.3 Schematherapie ..........................................................................................................158
15.3.1 Schema’s ...................................................................................................................... 158
15.3.2 Modi ............................................................................................................................ 159
15.4 Methodieken .............................................................................................................. 161
15.4.1 Cognitieve herstructurering ........................................................................................ 161
15.4.2 De socratische methode .............................................................................................. 164
15.4.3 Zelfinstructietraining ................................................................................................... 164
15.4.4 Psycho-eductatie ......................................................................................................... 165
15.4.5 Exposure ...................................................................................................................... 165
15.4.6 Re-scripting .................................................................................................................. 165
15.4.7 Het gedragsexperiment ............................................................................................... 166
15.5 Even alle methodieken op een rij ................................................................................. 167
15.6 Schema bij cognitieve psychologie .............................................................................. 168
15.1 Nog enkele belangrijke notities bij cognitieve psychologie .............................................171
16. Gedragstherapie van de 3e generatie ..............................................................................173
16.1 Inleiding .....................................................................................................................173
16.2 Mindfullness ...............................................................................................................173
16.3 Achtwekenprogramma / Mindfulness Based Cognitieve Therapy : MBCT ........................ 173
16.3.1 Aandachttraining ......................................................................................................... 174
16.3.2 Hier en nu accepteren ................................................................................................. 174
16.3.3 Bodyscan...................................................................................................................... 174
16.3.4 Yoga ............................................................................................................................. 175
16.3.5 Meditatie ..................................................................................................................... 175
16.3.6 Gedachten zijn geen feiten.......................................................................................... 175
16.3.7 Metaforen.................................................................................................................... 175
16.4 Wetenschappelijk gepopulariseerd............................................................................... 176
16.5 Dialectische gedragstherapie = DGT ............................................................................. 177
16.5.1 Kennismaking met DGT a.d.h.v. de tekst ‘Iedereen is Linehan’ .................................. 177
16.5.2 Methodieken DGT ....................................................................................................... 180
16.6 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy = ACT................................................................181
16.7 Nog enkele belangrijke notities bij gedragstherapie van de 3e generatie ........................ 183
16.8 Schema bij gedragstherapie van de 3e generatie ......................................................... 184
17. Oplossingsgerichte psychologie ...................................................................................... 187
17.1 De Shazer & Berg ........................................................................................................ 187

7

, 17.2 Uitgangspunten en methodieken ................................................................................. 188
17.2.1 Cliënt............................................................................................................................ 188
17.2.2 Hulpverlener, coach .................................................................................................... 188
17.2.3 Hulpvraag en diagnostiek ............................................................................................ 189
17.2.4 Oplossingen ................................................................................................................. 189
17.2.5 Uitzonderingen ............................................................................................................ 190
17.2.6 Wondervraag ............................................................................................................... 190
17.2.7 Schaalvraag .................................................................................................................. 190
17.2.8 Verandering en doelgericht handelen......................................................................... 191
17.2.9 Gesprekstechnieken .................................................................................................... 191
17.2.10 De relatie ................................................................................................................. 193
17.2.11 Tijdsperspectief ....................................................................................................... 194
17.3 Andere stromingen ..................................................................................................... 194
17.3.1 Psychoanalyse ............................................................................................................. 194
17.3.2 Cognitieve gedragspsychologie ................................................................................... 194
17.3.3 Client-centered therapy .............................................................................................. 194
17.3.4 Systeemdenken ........................................................................................................... 194
17.4 Tijdsgeest ...................................................................................................................195
17.4.1 Veerkracht en empowerment ..................................................................................... 195
17.4.2 Korter ........................................................................................................................... 195
17.5 Bemerkingen .............................................................................................................. 195
17.6 Nog enkele notities over Oplossingsgericht werken ....................................................... 196
17.7 Schema bij Oplossingsgerichte psychologie ................................................................. 197
18. Positieve psychologie .....................................................................................................200
18.1 Inleiding .....................................................................................................................200
18.2 Seligman ..................................................................................................................... 201
18.3 Csikszentmihalyi.......................................................................................................... 202
18.4 Webinar positieve psychologie ..................................................................................... 203
18.5 Nog enkele notities bij positieve psychologie ................................................................ 205
18.6 Schema bij positieve psychologie ................................................................................ 206
19. Narratieve psychologie ................................................................................................... 208
19.1 Inleiding .....................................................................................................................208
19.2 White & Epston ...........................................................................................................208
19.3 Methodieken .............................................................................................................. 210
19.3.1 Re-authoring conversations ........................................................................................ 211
19.3.2 Remembering conversations ....................................................................................... 212

8

, 19.3.3 Outsider witness en de definitional ceremony ........................................................... 212
19.3.4 Brieven en certificaten ................................................................................................ 213
19.3.5 Externalising conversations ......................................................................................... 214
19.3.6 Unieke ervaringen en steigerbouwende gesprekken.................................................. 215
19.4 Toepassingen .............................................................................................................. 215
19.4.1 Narrative Exposure Therapie – NET............................................................................. 215
19.4.2 Reminiscentie in de ouderenzorg ................................................................................ 217
19.4.3 Multi Family Therapy -MFT ......................................................................................... 218
19.4.4 Reflecting team ........................................................................................................... 218
19.5 Postmodern ................................................................................................................219
19.6 Nog enkele belangrijke notities bij narratieve psychologie .............................................220
19.7 Schema bij narratieve psychologie .............................................................................. 221
20. Evolutiepsychologie........................................................................................................ 224
20.1 Evolutieleer ................................................................................................................ 224
20.1.1 Natuurlijke selectie ...................................................................................................... 224
20.1.2 Fitness.......................................................................................................................... 225
20.1.3 Environment of evolutionary adaptedness - EEA ........................................................ 225
20.1.4 Mismatch ..................................................................................................................... 226
20.2 Evolutionaire visie op de psyche...................................................................................226
20.2.1 Weerstand tegen evolutiepsychologie ........................................................................ 227
20.2.2 Alweer een mismatch .................................................................................................. 228
20.3 Seksuele selectie ......................................................................................................... 229
20.4 Kritieken en bespreking ............................................................................................... 231
20.4.1 Onwetenschappelijk .................................................................................................... 231
20.4.2 Geen verklaring ........................................................................................................... 231
20.4.3 Geen doelgericht plan ................................................................................................. 231
20.4.4 Feminisme ................................................................................................................... 232
20.4.5 Behoren VS zijn ............................................................................................................ 232
20.4.6 Speculatief ................................................................................................................... 232
20.4.7 Ideologische strijd ....................................................................................................... 232
20.5 Nog enkele belangrijke notities bij evolutiepsychologie ................................................. 233
20.6 Schema bij evolutiepsychologie .................................................................................. 234




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