Health Psychology Part 2: Biopsychological Interactions (BKULP0P94A)
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Health Psychology Part 2: Biopsychological Interactions (BKULP0P94A)
Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Extended document of all the classes and my notes (very complete) of the 10 classes of Health Psychology 2. Completely in English, I have read it again to check for errors, very structured with titles and subtitles, incl. schema's/pictures/graphs from the slides, etc . I will study this 176 page do...
Health Psychology Part 2: Biopsychological Interactions (BKULP0P94A)
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HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY PART 2: BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
CLASS 1: HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
= an organisms ability to keep internal environment stable, despite changes in external environment
• Examples:
o temperature
o blood pH
o oxygen pressure
o blood glucose
• Balance!
• Central nervous system = interface for interaction with external environment
• Stress = threat to homeostasis
o Stressor (= what causes the stress)
▪ Physical (e.g. cold)
▪ = bottom up: we sense it, comes from physiology
▪ Psychological (e.g. anticipation of pain, exam)
▪ = top down
o Compensatory stress response (= what the organism is doing to get the system back
to its balance)
HOMEOSTASIS
(NEGATIVE) FEEDBACK CONTROL
1) Temperature:
- Dilate = get wider
- Constrict = get narrower
2) Blood pressure:
1
, - Glossopharyngeal nerve = very important!
- Parasympathetic activation increases, sympathetic decreases if blood pressure decreases
3) Blood pH/PaCO2:
FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
• Perturbations (= verstoringen) are anticipated & corrected before they occur
• Classical conditioning as a viable mechanism
o e.g. Exercise hyperpnea
▪ hyper = a lot, pnea = breath
▪ = breathing a lot before exercise
2
, • Increases in ventilation and heart rate occur at onset of physical exercise, even before
increase in PaCO2
o At the onset of exercise, our body prepares us to react on the coming changes
A HIERARCHY OF HOMEOSTATIC CONTROLS
Higher in the hierarchy = more complex system
VITAL ORGANS & LOCAL REFLEXES
= the organ level: intrinsic control mechanisms
• Organ adapts its functioning on its own in response to slow, local changes
• Example: Frank Starling Mechanism
o IF more blood returns from the body through vena cava => atrium chambers more
volume => fuller ventricles => more wall stretch => more muscle fiber tension =>
more vigorous contraction in that beat => left ventricle empties more completely =>
more effective blood flow into aorta
o SO more blood flow = more powerful contraction
o SO: the heart responses to flow demands caused by systemic circulation
o = only possible when conditions are relatively stable
AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
3
, Brainstem controls => autonomic messages
• Signal transmission in ANS: dendrites > cell body > axon > synapse > NT
• Viscera (internal organs): limited awareness & voluntary control ~ ‘autonomic’
• Works mostly through negative feedback
• Keeps our higher brain centres and energy free to do more important things
• ANS
o Sensory pathways (afferent = up = ascending)
o Motor pathways (efferent = down = descending)
o Divisions:
▪ Sympathetic (SNS)
▪ Parasympathetic (PNS)
▪ Enteric
▪ Not clear if this belongs to ANS
o Reciprocal regulation of organic function
Each division has:
• Sensory pathways from organs via ganglia to brainstem (afferent, = ascending parts)
+
• 4 response components (= descending parts):
o Descending autonomic and pre-ganglionic fibers
▪ Hypothalamus/brainstem => towards intermediolateral cell column of spinal
cord
o Ganglion
4
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