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Summary IB Language and Literature HL Paper 1 Notes
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Study and revision notes for IB HL Lang and Lit (English A)
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Paper 1 RevisionGeneral Notes/Tips
• Language: VERY CLEAR, PRECISE. How can I write this in the way that best
communicates what I am trying to say? If somebody else had written this, would I
understand it?
• Language: Make sure your language is academic and not chatty.
• Quotes: Support every point with a quote. You need at least two quotes per paragraph
which are matched to your point- think to yourself- does this prove my point? How does it
prove it? What does it really mean?
• Organisation: Make sure you PLAN your essay. Use simple and clear TOPIC
SENTENCES. Have a FLOW to your argument- link them together and develop your ideas.
• Analysis: Talk about HOW and WHY the writer uses specific words and language
techniques, and then discuss the effect of language on the reader.
Stylistic devices
1. Accent - "Accent" refers to the pronunciation of a language. The word accent is often confused
with dialect, which refers to more than a variation of pronunciation. Dialect refers to a unique
variety of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. In fact, everyone speaks with an accent.
Some accents, however, like British or American English, are standardised forms of the
language.
Effect on reader: creates an informal, realistic situation, allowing the reader to imagine the
sounds of the speaker’s voice and create the atmosphere of the environment/country/town they
are in.
2. Actual reader
3. Actual writer
4. Adjective - words that describes a noun
Effect on reader: descriptive, enables the reader to visualise or imagine a situation more vividly.
May slow down the pace of the text.
5. Adverb - he cries loudly - END in LY
6. Alliteration - repetition of sounds/sibilance is repetition of s sound
Effect on the reader: Places emphasis on the words that have alliteration. Also may create
auditory effects which lead to emotional responses in the reader.
7. Allusion : when the author refers to à story/ context that the reader knows. ‘The writer alludes
to/ is alluding to’ / ‘.... is an allusion to…’
8. Analogy : transferring characteristics of one thing/ event onto another. May sometimes be
used as propaganda, or in order to exaggerate certain aspects of the thing described.
9. Anaphora : is the repetition of the same word/phrase in a succession of phrases or sentence.
‘I have à Dream…’ ‘But nothing happens.’
, Effect on reader: places emphasis on the phrase/ word. May have à cumulative effect- building
up à point/ tension. May also suggest monotony or inability to escape from something.
10. Anti-advertising
11. Antithesis -A contrast between ideas
12. Appeal to authority Appeal to authority is also known as 'argument from authority' or
'argumentum ad verecundiam', An example of appeal to authority can be seen here in this
advertisement,
13. Appeal to fear: Persuading people to believe, do, support or buy something through making
them afraid of what would happen otherwise. Eg. government adverts against smoking or drink
driving, or adverts that suggest what might happen if you don’t buy the product.
14. Audience
15. Bandwagon effect: persuading people to do something/ buy something because everyone
else is.
16. Bias
17. Cacophony: Repetition of consonants to create harsh and unpleasant sounds. Often used to
describe chaotic scenes/ war.
18. Caesura: a pause in a verse.
19. Characterisation
20. Cliché (cliche) - metaphor that uses over and over again, roses are blue and violets are red
21. Conjunctions- linking words like before,so,because… slow down the pace and build up on
action or lists of things and suggests lots of thing happening simultaneously
22. Couplet- two lines in the poem, usually rhyming
23. Ellipsis: ...
24. End-stopped line - it stops at the end of à line- usually with à full stop.
25. Enjambement - it doesn't stop at the end of the line to make it flow more
26. Ethos - means the credibility of the person making the argument—or in other words,
persuading with a person's good reputation or trustworthiness. (Hint for remembering the term:
"Ethos" is like "ethical," and if someone is ethical, then they have good morals and we trust
them.)
27. Generalisations
28. Hyperbole: extreme exaggeration
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