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Edexcel GCSE Biology Topic 1 - Key Concepts in Biology
Edexcel GCSE Biology Topic 2 - Cells and Control
Edexcel GCSE Biology Topic 3 - Genetics
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Biology
Edexcel GCSE
Complete Notes for a grade 9
Complete with:
- Concise notes and diagrams
on every point in the
specification
- Provides support on Core
Practicals
- Builds up knowledge with
detailed examples
, Key concepts in Biology
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Can’t exist without prokaryotes DNA floats so inefficient and
(humans and bacteria in small disorganized.
intestine) Flagella: not best way to transport as
always moving
More chromosomes and need more Rapid new adaption, mutation,
DNA storage space and more organelles metabolic system and reproduction
therefore live in hostile environments
In plants/ animals/ fungi/Protista as Bacteria/ cyanobacteria as smaller and
larger and complex simpler
Organelles
Cell membrane: controls what goes in and out of a cell
Nucleus: contains genetic information and tells the cell how to act
Mitochondria: energy from respiration
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
Cell wall: cellulose and supports the cell
Vacuole: cell sap (weak solution of salt and water) and maintain internal pressure and rigid
Chloroplasts: chlorophyll (green substance), where photosynthesis occurs
Large chromosomal DNA/ nucleoid DNA: long circular, controls replication, floats freely in
cytoplasm
Plasmid DNA: disc of DNA to fight drugs
Flagella: helps the cell go away from toxins but towards nutrients like oxygen
Microscopes
Thin specimen with light that goes through it.
Drop of water with pipette so that the specimen sticks onto
clean slide.
Add stain so specimen is more visible (methylene blue and
iodine for DNA).
Add coverslip, ensure there are no air bubbles with
specimen.
Lowest powered lens and adjust with coarse adjustment
knob. Look through lens and adjust stage.
Fine adjustment knob to focus the specimen.
, Use clear ruler to measure field of view. Can use higher powered lens and recalculate the
FOV.
Specialised cells
Acrosomes: enzyme that the sperm uses
to digest the egg’s jelly coating
Haploid nucleus: provide half of the
offspring’s DNA (male) - correct amount
of chromosomes
Mitochondria: respiration for energy as
needs to swim a large distance
Flagella: help it swim to the egg cell
Stream lined head: goes faster
Cilia: waft mucus out of linings of organs
(goblet cells produce the mucus and it
traps dirt and germs)
Nutrients in cytoplasm: for the offspring
to develop
Haploid: half of the offspring’s DNA
(female) - correct amount of
chromosomes
Cell membrane: hardens when fertilised
so only one sperm enters the baby has
correct amount of chromosomes
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