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Samenvatting media en digitale samenleving
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By: robbethys • 3 year ago
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MEDIA EN DIGITALESAMENLEVING
Annelies De Groof 2020-2021
,Inhoud
aI en IoT.....................................................................................................................................................................4
Internet of things...................................................................................................................................................4
werking IoT........................................................................................................................................................4
artificial intelligence..............................................................................................................................................5
technical challenges..........................................................................................................................................5
pitfalls................................................................................................................................................................6
AI en ethiek: DEEL 1...................................................................................................................................................7
context...................................................................................................................................................................7
wat is AI?...............................................................................................................................................................7
waarom AI gebruiken?..........................................................................................................................................7
AI vandaag.............................................................................................................................................................8
ethische AI pillaren................................................................................................................................................8
fairness (bias)....................................................................................................................................................8
privacy...............................................................................................................................................................9
explainability.....................................................................................................................................................9
robustness en accountability............................................................................................................................9
Hoe ethisch is AI......................................................................................................................................................10
toepassingen AI...................................................................................................................................................10
disruptie..............................................................................................................................................................10
the winner takes it all..........................................................................................................................................10
bewaking/privacy................................................................................................................................................11
literatuur AI.............................................................................................................................................................11
make social media great again................................................................................................................................11
inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................11
desinformatie......................................................................................................................................................12
politieke propaganda..........................................................................................................................................12
nepnieuws, nepterm, nepprobleem?.....................................................................................................................13
stellingen.............................................................................................................................................................13
mogelijke verklaringen........................................................................................................................................13
Van nepnieuws naar desinformatie....................................................................................................................14
desinformatie in vlaanderen...............................................................................................................................14
oplossingen..........................................................................................................................................................14
antisociaal online gedrag.........................................................................................................................................15
Pagina 1 van 39
, technologie en brein...........................................................................................................................................15
anderen en brein: op naar negativiteit...............................................................................................................16
tijd voor cyberfriendliness?.................................................................................................................................16
textgain: digitaal baggeren......................................................................................................................................17
inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................17
Wat? content extraction.....................................................................................................................................17
hoe? sentiment analyse......................................................................................................................................17
wie? user profiling...............................................................................................................................................17
IS hate speech.....................................................................................................................................................18
automatische detectie racisme...........................................................................................................................18
voorbeelden........................................................................................................................................................19
sexting.....................................................................................................................................................................20
inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................20
sexting mythe 1: sexting stijgt dramatisch..........................................................................................................20
mythe 2: meisjes doen vaker aan sexting dan jongens......................................................................................20
mythe 3: sexting is deviant gedrag......................................................................................................................20
mythe 4: online seksueel risicogedrag = offline seksueel risicogedrag..............................................................21
mythe 5: sexts sturen voor hook up...................................................................................................................21
mythe 6: sexting maakt je realtie gelukkiger......................................................................................................22
cyberevetting...........................................................................................................................................................22
inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................22
onderzoek............................................................................................................................................................22
social media, persoonlijke data en reclame............................................................................................................23
gebruik van data..................................................................................................................................................23
hoe werken onlinde advertenties?.....................................................................................................................24
issues...................................................................................................................................................................24
overredingskennis (persuasion knowledge)...................................................................................................24
privacy.............................................................................................................................................................25
controle...........................................................................................................................................................25
personalisatie..........................................................................................................................................................26
froomle...............................................................................................................................................................26
algemeen probleem............................................................................................................................................26
techniek...............................................................................................................................................................27
bezoekerstelmethoden...........................................................................................................................................28
inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................28
Pagina 2 van 39
, expertisecentrum publieke impact.....................................................................................................................28
waarom bezoekerstellingen?..............................................................................................................................29
bestaande telmethoden......................................................................................................................................29
vervolgonderzoek: TETRA project.......................................................................................................................30
werking van het onderzoek.............................................................................................................................31
smart in the city.......................................................................................................................................................33
inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................33
tech in the city.....................................................................................................................................................34
infrastructuur..................................................................................................................................................34
personalisering................................................................................................................................................34
interoperabiliteit.............................................................................................................................................34
you & me in the city............................................................................................................................................34
Bling bling in the city...........................................................................................................................................35
conclusie..............................................................................................................................................................36
de slimme stad: een oplossing, maar voor welk probleem?..................................................................................36
toekomstbeelden................................................................................................................................................36
slimme stad?.......................................................................................................................................................37
slimme stadsbewoners?......................................................................................................................................37
Wiens idee is een slimme stad?..........................................................................................................................38
democratisch project..........................................................................................................................................38
conclusie..............................................................................................................................................................38
Pagina 3 van 39
,MEDIA EN DIGITALE
SAMENLEVING
AI EN IOT
INTERNET OF THINGS
= applicaties waarbij we kleine computers verbinden met sensoren en ook onderling verbinden met elkaar.
Door wat we meten, kunnen we actuatoren aansturen.
Gardner grafiek
Elke nieuwe technologie = nieuwe hype
Hoe hoger de verwachtingen en zekerheid, hoe hoger op de grafiek
Na de hype, zakt de curve limieten van de trend
Later opnieuw lichte stijging, omdat mensen het gebruiken tot plateau
History
1974: bankautomaten
2008: meer devices geconnecteerd met internet dan mensen
2020: meer dan 50 miljard verbonden devices
o 250 miljoen auto’s nieuwe in-auto services en automatische besturing
Voordelen: bv file detecteren met computer wielsnelheden, buienradar door
ruitenwissers, camera wegsignaliseringen
Belang IoT
Big business
61% van de bedrijven denkt IoT te MOETEN gebruiken om up to date te blijven
o Bepaling welke bedrijven gekocht worden
Hoe optimaler bedrijfsprocessen, hoe meer concurrentieel het bedrijf is
WERKING IOT
Sensoriek
Evolutie grootte, accuraatheid en energieverbruik gaat extreem snel
Hoe kleiner, hoe minder energie er nodig is zo energie zuinig mogelijk maken!!
o Stel moeilijke toegangkelijkheid, dan kan je het maanden of zelfs jaren doen met 1 sensor
zonder opladen of vervangen
Communicatie
Protocollen nodig om hoeveelheid devices te connecteren
o Stel hele aula praat, dan moet de prof harder spreken om hoorbaar te zijn
o Dashsavers, bluetooth, wifi
Hoe minder energie verbruiken, hoe beter
Bandbreedte is zeer klein
o Frequenties van verschillende communicatie verdeeld volgens bepaald spectrum
o Gigantische interferentie!! (oplossing bv 5G)
Software
Pagina 4 van 39
, Probleem 1: CERN= sensor om zo klein mogelijke deeltjes op elkaar te laten vliegen
o Sensor = combi allemaal kleine sensoren om banen deeltjes te volgen en te kijken waar ze uit
elkaar
o Te veel sensoren, waardoor de data ni verwerkt kan worden
o Te veel data gegenereerd om te verplaatsen
o OPLOSSING: inteligence competention in sensor
Tussenstukken voor tijdelijke verwerking en connectie tussen devices
Probleem 2: immergent behaviour
o Veel devices moeilijk te zien welke apps echt werken
o Gedrag ontstaat wanneer alle devices samen gaan werken (bv waze)
o In het begin moeilijk te testen, want beperkt aantal devices
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence
Device kan beslissingen nemen waarvan niet te onderscheiden is of ze gemaakt werd door een
persoon of de machine zelf
Machine learning
Machine kan bijleren door informatie aan te bieden
Op voorhand of continu bijleren
Deep learning
Neurale netwerken met veel lagen
Complexe zaken mee modelleren
Intelligentie door machine zelf geleerd
Neuraal net: transfer learning
Impuls – neuron -output
Waarde komt binnen vermenigvuldigd met bepaald gewicht doorgeven
o Gewicht veranderen om tot juiste output te komen
o Te veel data om verschillende lagen getraind te hebben
Eerst kijken naar de randen!! eerste stuk is vaak hetzelfde
o Laatste stuk opnieuw aanleren om te specifiëren
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Accuraatheid van algoritmes
Nog niet goed genoeg: O,1 % fouten
Sommige fouten kunnen we ons niet permitteren!! gevaarlijke situaties
Snelheid van algoritmes
Bijleren duurt vaak te lang
o Kleine verandering alles opnieuw leren (bv andere kleur)
Voorbeeld simpele game: mens heeft 15 min nodig, machine 924 uur
Kleinere chips
Hoe kleiner de chips, hoe minder energie nodig is
Connectiviteit
Pagina 5 van 39
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