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Summary of memory and learning
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Summary of memory and learning
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Discuss memory and learning by categorising them. Discuss any possible problems withinvestigating the underlying genotypes to these phenotypes.
1. Short –term memory is information you’re only storing in memory temporarily, like a phone
number you heard on the radio.
2. Long term memory has two categories:
a. Declarative memory. Memory of facts and events, and includes semantic memory
and episodic memory. Semantic memory is ‘general knowledge’, memory of things
we have accumulated throughout our lives, like the names of colours. Episodic
memory is our memory of events/ personal experiences, including what happened,
when, where, who and why etc. Episodic memory is not static and is susceptible to
change when recalled (which is a problem with witness contamination, when
witnesses of an event discuss what happened it can alter how they remember the
event)
b. Procedural memory. The memory of skills (knowing how to do things) for example
riding a bike.
For long term memories to be formed proteins need to be synthesised which will ultimately change
the connections between neurons. Protein synthesis is controlled by gene expression. Gene
expression determines when and how much of a protein should be made.
There are two categories of genes that affect memory formation.
1. Genes that prevent short-term memory formation include latheo, linotte, 14-3-3 (Leonardo),
scabrous (volado) fasII and DCO.
2. Genes affecting long-term memory retention include dCREB2, AdfI (nalyot), Notch, crammer
and nebula
For long- term memories, the changes in the connections of the neurons are permanent or long
lasting. For short-term memory the changes in the synaptic connections are temporary. Both are
possible due to the brain's plasticity.
Distinguish between long-term and short-term memory by explaining how each is formed, and
providing an example of each.
Short-term memory is information you're storing in your memory temporarily, for example
remembering a phone number you heard on the radio. Long-term memory is information that is
permanently stored in memory either after repetitively encountering that information, for example
after playing the piano for years you won't forget how to play it, or because it was a personal
experience, for example a traumatic event.
For memories to be formed proteins need to be synthesised and the proteins will change the
connections between neurons. Protein synthesis is controlled by gene expression (gene expression
determines when and how much of a protein should be made)
For long- term memories, the changes in the connections of the neurons are permanent or long
lasting. For short-term memory the changes in the synaptic connections are temporary. Both are
possible due to the brain's plasticity.
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