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Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden (KU Leuven) . 14/20 Eerste zit

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Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden (KU Leuven). Uitgebreide samenvatting gebaseerd op notities uit alle hoorcolleges en aantekeningen uit het handboek. Onder meer dankzij deze samenvatting behaalde ik een 14/20

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  • December 30, 2020
  • January 1, 2021
  • 140
  • 2019/2020
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Geschiedenis van de
Nederlanden




Inleiding ..................................................................................................................... 8

1. Geschiedschrijving ...................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Geschiedenis van de eigen staat – België en Nederland ....................................................... 8
1.2 De Groot-Nederlanders........................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 De Benelux – 17 provinciën .................................................................................................................. 9

2. Eenheid en scheiding in de geschiedenis van de Nederlanden ........................ 9

3. Naamgeving ............................................................................................................... 10

Hoofdstuk 1: Lange aanvangsperiode .............................................................. 11

1. Kelten, Romeinen, Germanen ................................................................................. 11

2. De Merovingische periode ...................................................................................... 11
2.1 Breuk? ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Bestuur ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Personaliteitsbeginsel ..................................................................................................................... 12

3. De Karolingische periode ........................................................................................ 12
3.1 Keizerskroning ..................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Interne cohesie ................................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Bestuur en feodaliteit ..................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Kerk en cultuur ..................................................................................................................................... 13
3.5 Bedreiging en uiteenvallen ......................................................................................................... 14



1

, 4. De 'ijzeren' 10de eeuw .............................................................................................. 14

Hoofdstuk 2: De periode van de landsheerlijkheden (11de–13de eeuw) ... 15

1. Politieke versnippering tussen dynastiek, adellijke en burgerlijk belang ..... 15
1.1 De voorsprong van Vlaanderen ....................................................................................................... 15
1.2 Landsheerlijkheden in het oude Lotharingen............................................................................ 15
1.3 Geleidelijke schaalvergroting............................................................................................................. 15

2. Economie en sociale verhoudingen ...................................................................... 15
2.1 Demografie, landbouw en ontginningen .................................................................................... 15
2.2 Stad, handel en nijverheid .................................................................................................................. 15

3. Kerk, religie en cultuur ............................................................................................ 15

Hoofdstuk 3: De reële vorming van een politieke unie van die verschillen
de gewesten (14de-16de eeuw) ........................................................................... 15

A. De 14de eeuw: Een eeuw van onzekerheden ....................................................... 15
1. De politiek-sociale ontwikkelingen ................................................................................. 16
1.1 Ontstaan politieke en sociale spanningen .................................................................................. 16
1.2 De strijd (met Vlaanderen) in het begin van de 14de eeuw ............................................... 17
1.3 De verdere politieke evolutie ............................................................................................................ 19
2. Economische ontwikkelingen. .......................................................................................... 20
3. De culturele ontwikkelingen................................................................................................................. 21

B. De eeuw van Bourgondië (1384-1477)................................................................. 22
1. Het proces van territoriale eenwording ......................................................................... 22
1.1 Eerste stap – Filips de Stoute............................................................................................................ 23
1.2 Tweede stap – Jan zonder Vrees ..................................................................................................... 23
1.3 Derde stap – Filips de Goede ........................................................................................................... 23
1.4 Vierde stap – Karel de Stoute ........................................................................................................... 24
2. Het proces van institutionele eenwording .................................................................... 25
2.1 De centralisatiepolitiek van Filips de Goede.............................................................................. 25
2.2 >< Weerstand tegen de integratie ................................................................................................ 25
2.3 Conclusie..................................................................................................................................................... 26
3. De artistieke verbeelding van de macht ........................................................................ 26
3.1 De artistieke strategie........................................................................................................................... 26
3.2 Kunstenaars aan het hof ..................................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Kunstenaars in mecenaat .................................................................................................................... 26
3.4 Symboliek: historische herinnering ................................................................................................ 26
3.5 De niet-hertogelijke cultuur ............................................................................................................... 27
4. De bloei van de economie ................................................................................................ 27
4.1 Demografische evolutie ....................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Periode van hoogconjunctuur .......................................................................................................... 27



2

, 4.3 Geografische spreiding ........................................................................................................................ 28
4.4 Economisch systeem ............................................................................................................................. 28
5 Kerkelijke ontwikkelingen .................................................................................................. 28
5.1 Schittering .................................................................................................................................................. 28
5.2 Verwereldlijking ....................................................................................................................................... 28
5.3 Reacties........................................................................................................................................................ 29

C. De eeuw van Habsburg (1577-1588) .................................................................... 30
1. De verdere territoriale en institutionele eenmaking ................................................... 30
1.1 Maria van Bourgondië en Maximiliaan van Oostenrijk ......................................................... 30
1.2 >< Filips de Schone .............................................................................................................................. 30
1.3 Karel V.......................................................................................................................................................... 31
2. Grote culturele en economische bloei............................................................................ 31
2.1 Renaissancistische cultuur .................................................................................................................. 31
2.2 Economische bloei ................................................................................................................................. 32
3. 'De Opstand'........................................................................................................................ 33
3.1 'Oorzaken' en het kader ...................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Fase I – Protest tegen de heersende Kerk en staat (-1566) ............................................... 34
3.3. Fase II – Het uitbreken van de Opstand (1567-1572) .......................................................... 35
3.4 Fase III – De veralgemening van de Opstand (1573-1576) ................................................ 35
3.5 Fase IV – Radicalisering en scheuring (1577-1588) ................................................................ 36

Hoofdstuk 4: De Republiek der 7 Verenigde Nederland (1588-1780) ...... 37

A. De ‘tien jaar’ (1588–1625) ...................................................................................... 37
1. De vestiging van de Republiek ........................................................................................ 37
1.1 Uitgangspunt ............................................................................................................................................ 37
1.2 Bondgenoten ............................................................................................................................................ 37
1.3 Economische draagkracht ................................................................................................................... 38
1.4 Leiderschap................................................................................................................................................ 38
1.5 Bezieling ...................................................................................................................................................... 40
1.6 Het succes in het Noorden zelf ....................................................................................................... 40
2 De verdere oorlog (1598-1609) ........................................................................................ 40
2.1 Onzekere oorlogsdoelstellingen na 1598.................................................................................... 40
2. 2. De totstandkoming van het Bestand in 1609......................................................................... 41
3 Interne twisten tijdens het Twaalfjarig Bestand (1609-1621)..................................... 41
3.1 Politieke tegenstellingen ..................................................................................................................... 41
3.2 Religieuze tegenstellingen .................................................................................................................. 42
3.3 De ontlading van het conflict ........................................................................................................... 43
3.4 Mauritz, Engeland en Indië ................................................................................................................ 43

B. 1625-1672 .................................................................................................................. 44
4. De Gouden Eeuw (1625-1648) ......................................................................................... 44




3

, 4.1 De opgang tot een politieke macht .............................................................................................. 44
4.2 De Republiek als economische grootmacht .............................................................................. 46
4.3 De schittering van de culturele bloei ............................................................................................ 47
5. Periode van de Ware Vrijheid (1648-1672) ................................................................... 48
5.1 Het bewind van Willem II ................................................................................................................... 48
5.2 Het Eerste Stadhouderloze Tijdperk (1650-1672) ................................................................... 49
5.3 Buitenlandse toestanden ..................................................................................................................... 50
6. De Republiek onder Willem III (1672-1702) ................................................................. 51
6.1 De oorlog van 1672............................................................................................................................... 51
6.2 Tegen Lodewijk XIV................................................................................................................................ 51
7. Een grote mogendheid in verval (1702-1751) .............................................................. 51
7.1 Politieke achteruitgang......................................................................................................................... 51
7.2 Binnenlands bestuur .............................................................................................................................. 51
7.3 Democratische oppositie..................................................................................................................... 51
7.4 Cultureel en kerkelijk leven ................................................................................................................ 51
8. De naderende crisis (1751-1780)..................................................................................... 51
8.1 Economische en politieke problemen........................................................................................... 51
8.2 Cultuur en politieke vernieuwingen ............................................................................................... 51

Hoofdstuk 5: De Spaanse en Oostenrijkse Nederlanden (1585-1780)...... 51

A. Onder Spanje (1585-1713) ..................................................................................... 51
1. De definitieve scheiding (1585-1648)............................................................................. 52
1.1 De buitenlandse politiek en het statuut van het Zuiden ..................................................... 52
1.2 Binnenlandse politiek ............................................................................................................................ 53
1.3 De economische en de sociale situatie ........................................................................................ 54
1.4 Religie: Contrareformatie .................................................................................................................... 54
1.5 De ontwikkelingen op cultuur vlak ................................................................................................ 55
2. Verdere Spaanse periode (1648-1713) ........................................................................... 56
2.1 Buitenlandse politiek: voortdurende oorlog .............................................................................. 56
2.2 Binnenlandse politiek: Chaos ............................................................................................................ 56
2.3 Economische en sociale situatie ...................................................................................................... 57
2.4 Religie: Katholieke dominantie ......................................................................................................... 57
2.5 Cultuur: Uitholling .................................................................................................................................. 57
2.6 Het einde van het Spaanse bewind ............................................................................................... 58

B. Onder Oostenrijk (1713-1780) ............................................................................... 58
3. Aansluiting bij Oostenrijk (1713-1748) .......................................................................... 58
3.1 Buitenlandse politiek, statuut en onrust ...................................................................................... 59
3.2 Binnenlandse politiek ............................................................................................................................ 59
3.3 Economische en sociale situatie ...................................................................................................... 60
3.4 Religie - Katholieke dominantie....................................................................................................... 60
4. Het 'Theresiaanse compromis' (1748-1780).................................................................. 61



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