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Midterm Material
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All midterm material class notes (covers both midterms)
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Midterm 1-2 materialLectures 1-10
1: Organization and function of the nervous system
The nervous system: in animals, it coordinates actions by transmitting signals to and from
different parts of its body
● It detects environmental changes
● Responds to such events
● Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Cranial nerves
● 12 pairs of nerves that control: afferent functions (sensation to eyes, ears,
mouth and nose) as well as efferent functions (motor control over facial
muscles, tongue and eyes) or both
● Connects the brain and the internal organs, thereby influencing several
autonomic responses
2. Spinal nerves
● Functionally equivalent to the cranial nerves of the head; control and carry
information about the body, trunk and limbs
Somatic nervous system
● Spinal-nerve connection
○ Dorsal fibers: afferent
○ Ventral fibers: efferent
○ Collection of fibers entering/exiting spinal cord segment is called a root
(dorsal root, ventral root)
● Law of Bell and Magendie
○ Dorsal spinal cord is sensory and ventral side is motor
○ Allows inferences about location of spinal cord damage on the basis of
changes in sensation of movement that a patient experiences
Autonomic nervous system
1. Sympathetic division
● Fight or flight
, ● Connected to thoracic and lumbar spinal cord regions
● Spinal cord connects to autonomic control center, made up of glia
2. Parasympathetic division
● Rest and digest
● Connects through cranial nerves: 3 7 10
● Also connected to sacral region of spinal cord
CNS
● Brain
● Spinal cord
○ Vertebrae
■ Segments of the spinal cord
■ Divided into 5 anatomical regions (from top to bottom: cranial, cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, sacral)
○ Dermatomes
■ Segments of the body
■ Each dermatome contains sensory nerve and motor nerves (spinal
nerves)
The spinal cord
● Controls most body movements
● Series of vertebrae, divided into sections
-Cervical (C1 à C8)
-Thoracic (T1 à T12)
-Lumbar (L1 à L5)
-Sacral (S1 à S5)
Can act independently of the brain
● Spinal reflex
● Autonomic movements, hard for the bran to inhibit
Cerebral security: the meninges
● Dura mater (hard mother)
○ Tough, double layered fibrous tissue
○ Encloses brain and spinal cord
● Arachnoid layer (spider layer)
○ Thin sheet of delicate connective tissue
○ Follows the brains contour
● Pia mater (soft mother)
○ Moderately tough membrane of connective tissue
○ Clings to brain surface
Meningitis
● Inflammation of the meninges
● Bacterial infection of the meninges
○ Particularly the pia mater and arachnoid space: csf implicated as well
● Intracranial pressure (ICP)
, ○ Inflammation puts pressure on the brain
○ Leads to drowsiness, delirium, coma
Case:
-23-year-old Ottawa women presented to Queensway Carleton with symptoms of headache,
stiff neck, 105o temperature;
-Returned home 2 hours later with Penicillin;
-Returned back to the hospital few hours later;
-Condition worsened: vomiting, whitening of skin, blue lips, etc.
-Died 2 hours later in hospital with her family.
Lecture 2: Microanatomy
, Cortical lobes
● Frontal: executive function, decision making, planning, impulse control, etc
● Occipital: vision, 1 degree- 2 degree visual cortices
● Parietal: tactile function, sensory and motor information processing
● Temporal: auditory, visual, gustatory, emotion, memory
Dorsal and ventral views
● Cerebrum
○ Forbrain structure
○ Two identical hemispheres
○ Responsible for most conscious behaviour
● Cerebellum
○ Control and coordination of fine motor skills
○ Does not initiate movements, but coordinates the timing, precision and
accuracy of movements
Lateral and medial views
● Brainstem: unconscious behaviours, structurally continuous with the spinal cords
The convoluted brain
Gyri: bumps and ridges of the cerebral cortex
Sulci: cracks and valleys of the cerebral cortex
Together, gyri and sulci create a larger surface area for the human brain
Larger cortical surface area = greater cognitive function
Coronal section (L. crown)
● Gray matter: largely composed of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels; Process
info and supports behaviour
● White matter: nerve fibers with fatty coverings, form connections between cells
● Ventricles (L. small cavity): 4 cavities filled w CSF, derives from blood plasma, NaCl
and other salts, serves as cushion and immunological support for the brain
● Cells that line the walls of the ventricles called ependymal cells produce CSF
Sagittal (L. Sagittarius) section
● Corpus callosum (L. corpus = body, callosum = hard, tough)
○ Over 200 million nerve fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres; divides brain
into cortical and subcortical regions
○ Split brain personality
The brainstem: receives afferent nerves from all body’s senses, sends efferent nerves to the
spinal cord
Divided into districts regions
1. Hindbrain
● Cerebellum (L. little brain): size of cerebellum
increases with physical speed and dexterity,
control fine motor movements
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