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psychodiagnostiek samenvatting
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5 hoofdstukken met uitgebreide en gestructureerde samenvatting
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Inleiding psychodiagnostiekInhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1 : psychodiagnostiek en haar voorwaarden.........................................................................5
1.1 de psychologische bril..................................................................................................................5
1.2 psychodiagnostiek en zijn doelen.................................................................................................5
1.2.1 methodologisch probleem.....................................................................................................5
1.3 wat is psychodiagnostiek..............................................................................................................5
1.3.1 hoe?.......................................................................................................................................6
1.3.1.1 psychometrische kwaliteiten..........................................................................................6
1.3.2 soorten methoden.................................................................................................................6
1.3.2.1 niet-psychometrische methoden....................................................................................6
1.3.2.2 de psychometrische methoden......................................................................................7
1.3.2.2.1 de test en zijn onderdelen.......................................................................................7
Hoofdstuk 2 : de diagnostische cyclus....................................................................................................8
2.1 wat is psychodiagnostiek?............................................................................................................8
2.1.1 diagnostisch handelen/cyclus en zijn betekenis....................................................................8
2.2 de diagnostische cyclus.................................................................................................................8
2.2.1 de analyse of intake fase.......................................................................................................8
2.2.2 de strategie of reflectiefase...................................................................................................9
2.2.3 de onderzoeksfase.................................................................................................................9
....................................................................................................................................................9
2.2.3.1 de verschillende testen...................................................................................................9
2.2.4 de terugkoppelingsfase........................................................................................................10
2.2.5 de besluit of advies fase.......................................................................................................10
Hoofdstuk 3: Schaling, normen en standaardscores ( berekenen )......................................................12
3.1 schalen en het meetproces.........................................................................................................12
3.1.1 ruwe/absolute scores..........................................................................................................12
3.1.2 schaalscores.........................................................................................................................12
3.1.3 variabelen en schalen..........................................................................................................12
3.1.4 typen variabelen en hun meetniveau..................................................................................12
3.1.4.1 nominaal.......................................................................................................................12
3.1.4.2 ordinaal.........................................................................................................................13
3.1.4.3 scalaire..........................................................................................................................13
3.1.4.3.1 interval...................................................................................................................13
3.1.3.4.2 ratio.......................................................................................................................13
3.1.5 Meetniveau en hun wiskundige bewerking.........................................................................13
3.1.6 absolute en relatieve scores , ruwe scores en norm scores.................................................13
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,Inleiding psychodiagnostiek
3.1.7 norm-, persoon-, criterium- en domein-gerelateerde maten..............................................14
3.2 de ontwikkeling en het gebruik van testnormen........................................................................14
3.2.1 frequentieverdeling.............................................................................................................14
3.2.1.1 scoreverdelingen en de grafische voorstelling ervan....................................................14
3.2.2 percentielen.........................................................................................................................15
3.2.3 beschrijvende maten gebaseerd op percentielen................................................................15
3.2.4 het verschil in verdeling van ruwe scores en percentielen..................................................15
3.2.4.1 wat is het nut van het omzetten van ruwe scores in percentielen...............................15
3.2.4.2 de nadelen van percentielen........................................................................................15
3.3 het beschrijven van een ruwe score verdeling...........................................................................16
3.3.1 modus en mediaan..............................................................................................................16
3.3.2 gemiddelde..........................................................................................................................16
3.3.3 standaarddeviatie ( SD)........................................................................................................16
3.3.3.1 standaarddeviatie versus variantie...............................................................................17
3.3.3.1.1 het verschil tussen Standaarddeviatie en variantie................................................17
3.3.4 steekproef-standaarddeviatie versus populatie-standaarddeviatie....................................17
3.4 standaardscores..........................................................................................................................17
3.4.1 inleiding...............................................................................................................................17
3.4.2 Z-score /standaardscores.....................................................................................................17
3.4.2.1 omzetten van ruwe scores in standaardscores.............................................................17
3.4.2.2 normaalverdeling..........................................................................................................17
3.4.2.3 de normaalverdeling die scheef zijn.............................................................................18
3.4.2.4 de kans op een bepaalde score.....................................................................................18
3.4.2.5 equivaleringsmethode ( berekening van Z-scores).......................................................18
3.4.3 T-scores en C-scores................................................................................................................18
3.4.3.1 T-scores.........................................................................................................................18
3.4.4 toepassing van normtabellen..............................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 4: betrouwbaarheid............................................................................................................19
4.1 wat is betrouwbaarheid?............................................................................................................19
4.1.1 soorten meetfouten.............................................................................................................20
4.2 theoretische benadering van het betrouwbaarheidsprobleem..................................................20
4.2.1 uitgangspunt........................................................................................................................20
4.2.1.1 toevalsfouten................................................................................................................20
4.2.2 operationalisering van het betrouwbaarheidsprobleem.....................................................20
4.2.2.1 theoretische stellingen.................................................................................................20
4.2.2.1 herhaling bij dezelfde proefpersoon.............................................................................20
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4.2.2.2.1.2 samenvatting.......................................................................................................21
4.2.2.2 herhaling van een testafname bij dezelfde groep proefpersonen................................21
5.2.2.2.1 formules.................................................................................................................21
5.2.3 praktisch gebruik van de SFm..............................................................................................22
5.2.3.1 betrouwbaarheidsinterval............................................................................................22
5.2.3.1.1 definitie..................................................................................................................22
5.2.3.1.2 berekenen..............................................................................................................22
5.2.4 betrouwbaarheidsnorm voor testscores..............................................................................22
5.2.5 relatie tussen betrouwbaarheid en kenmerken van de steekproef.....................................22
5.3 betrouwbaarheidsbepaling in de praktijk...................................................................................22
5.3.1 betrouwbaarheidsbepalingen na tweemaal meten.............................................................22
5.3.1.1 hertesting( test-retest)..................................................................................................22
5.3.1.2 parralelvormen.............................................................................................................23
5.3.2 betrouwbaarheidsbepaling na éénmalige testafname........................................................23
5.3.2.1 halvering ( Split-half).....................................................................................................23
5.3.2.1.2 inter-item standvastigheid of homogeniteit van de test-items: methode van de item-
analyse......................................................................................................................................24
5.3.2.1.2.1 homogeniteit......................................................................................................24
5.3.2.1.2.2 berekening..........................................................................................................24
5.3.3 relatie tussen betrouwbaarheid en testlengte.....................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 5: validiteit..........................................................................................................................25
5.1 uitgangspunt...............................................................................................................................25
5.2 wat is validiteit en hoe het validiteitsvraagstuk oplossen...........................................................25
5.2.1 hoe validiteit onderzoeken?................................................................................................26
5.2.2 face-validity en faith-validity ( indruksvaliditeit...................................................................26
5.3 de problematiek van het criterium.............................................................................................26
5.3.1 doelstellingen......................................................................................................................26
5.3.2 empirisch vastgesteld via feitenmateriaal...........................................................................26
5.3.3 relevante criteriums.............................................................................................................26
5.4 soorten validiteit.........................................................................................................................26
5.4.1 inhoudsvaliditeit..................................................................................................................26
5.4.2 begripsvaliditeit...................................................................................................................26
5.4.2.1 methodes om begripsvaliditeit te toetsen....................................................................26
5.4.2.1.1 congruente versus discriminante...........................................................................27
5.4.3 predicitieve validiteit...........................................................................................................27
5.4.3.1 IQ-test en selectietest...................................................................................................27
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