Summary for the course Multi-Agent Systems given in the second year of Artificial Intelligence. This document efficiently summarizes the lectures and is a great way to study for your exams. This can also be relevant material for similar degrees given in Vrije University like computer science and in...
An viewed
agent is everything that can be as
perceiving as environment
through sensors and
acting upon that environment through effectors
Internally ,
an
agent is :
agent
=
architecture +
program
core business of Al :
designing agent architectures &
programs
Natural agents
Animals :
can perceive using senses
-
can act
by their muscle movements
-
cognitive skills : perception attention , memory language and problem
-
, , ,
solving
Humans :
-
same as animals
versatile
lability to adapt) survive environment
-
: can in
any
advanced skills
cognitive
'
Plants
can also
perceive and act
'
no
cognitive skills needed
-
Artificial Agents
Robotic Agents
their
'
-
can perceive environment using their cameras , microphones , touch
sensors . . . .
-
can act upon their environment by their motor and sound systems ,
displays .
.
. .
currently not versatile can function in specific contexts
-
:
currently do not have advanced cognitive skills limited perception
'
:
,
detention language learning and problem solving skills
,
memory , , ,
But , robots can be
programmed
,Intelligent Agents
-
Reactive : ability to receive information and respond
to take
Pro active ability initiative
'
-
:
Social and
ability communicate cooperate
'
:
to
-
Autonomous :
agents control their own processes
cognitive C- Affective) Agents
An agent is anything that can be
carefully)
viewed as a
system that has beliefs desires
. .
goals ,
intentions , plans , expectations .
nope , fear , joy ,
- . . ( intentional Stance ,
Dennett
1987)
intentional systems
First -
order
bee ( p) the
agent that believes that p
-
:
the
goal Cp) agent that has a
goal p
-
:
second -
order
!
bee ca ; bee ( bjp) a believes that b believes that p
'
:
bee Ca ; goal Cb p)) a believes that b wants that p
-
:
Ca ; bell b ; p)) wants that b believes that
goal
:
a p
-
goal ( ai goal ( b p)) that
:
; a wants p
-
" "
our notion of cognitive agent
Agents with
following basic capacities
the :
and
I . Event processing process events like percepts :
messages
2 .
Knowledge representation :
process events like percepts and messages .
It allows to maintain a model of the environment and other
agents (e g -
.
use propositional FOL ,
or
Prolog)
3. Decision is able action based
making :
agent to select an on its
-
beliefs ,
knowledge ,
and
goals
cognitive state the : internal state of a
cognitive agent
Typically includes :
Event component
-
percepts
-
messages
-
Informational component
'
:
( static)
Knowledge
-
-
beliefs (dynamic)
Motivational component
-
goals
-
, Environments
Agents are situated in an environment
percepts :
Agents to usually not see the real state of the environment
but only receive percepts
Designer : the
designer has to process percepts and
possibly store them
within the agent's memory
Environment properties : such it is important know the
as
very to
-
characteristics of an environment , before designing an
agent
properties of Environments
I partially if environment is
Fully observable the not
completely
-
:
observable the
agent will need internal States
Deterministic 1 stochastic : deterministic if completely determined
by
'
's
agent action .
If the environment is only partially observable ,
then it stochastic
may appear
static dynamic environment unite
agent is
'
the can
:
change an
deliberating
Discreet continuous if there is limited number of percepts and
-
:
a
actions the environment is discrete
single / multi agents is there just one
agent or are there several
-
:
interacting with each other
cognitive Agents & Environments
Environment offers controllable entities that are connected to cognitive
agents
Possible view :
-
cognitive agent is the mind
controllable entitity is the
body
-
An action specification defines
union actions are available to an
agent and when , defined by the
environment
Interacting with Environment &
Agents
Observation
passive perceives results observations without
the
taking
-
:
of any
initiative or control to observe
Active which Observations
actively initiates controls
-
and
the
agent
:
it wants to perform
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