Uitgebreide samenvatting Human Bio uit het eerste jaar Psychologie.
Deze samenvatting bevat alles uit het handboek en de slides behandeld in de hoorcolleges, inclusief alle foto's en tekeningen.
De titeltjes in de samenvatting komen overeen met die in het handboek, en zijn dus in het Engels. De...
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of life .............................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Water and Life ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Hydrogen Bonds (waterstofbindingen) ............................................................................................................ 4
2.1.2 Properties (eigenschappen) of water .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1.2 Acids (zuren) and bases (basen)....................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Molecules of life ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Summary of the macromolecules/organic molecules ..................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Making and breaking down organic molecules ............................................................................................... 9
2.3 Carbohydrates ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.1 Simple carbohydrates .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Complex carbohydrates: polysacchariden ..................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Lipids ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.1 Fats and Oils ................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.2 Phospholipids ................................................................................................................................................. 14
2.4.3 Steroids .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.5 Proteins (eiwitten) ................................................................................................................................................ 16
2.5.1 Amino acids: Subunits of proteins ................................................................................................................. 16
2.5.2 Peptiden ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.5.3 Shape of proteins ........................................................................................................................................... 17
2.5.4 Levels of protein organisation........................................................................................................................ 17
2.6 Nucleid acids ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.6.1 How the structure of DNA and RNA differ ..................................................................................................... 19
2.6.2 ATP: An energy carrier ................................................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function 3.1 What is a cell? ............................................................................................ 21
3.2 How cells are organized ............................................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.1 Evolution history of the Eukaryotic cell ......................................................................................................... 24
3.3 The plasma membrane and how substances cross it ........................................................................................... 24
3.3.1 Plasma Membrane functions ......................................................................................................................... 26
3.4 The nucleus and endomembrane system ............................................................................................................. 31
3.4.1 De nucleus ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.2 Ribosomen ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.4.3 Het endomembrane systeem ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.5 The cytoskeleton, cell movement and cell junctions ............................................................................................ 33
3.5.1 Cilia en Flagella............................................................................................................................................... 34
3.5.2 Extracellulaire matrix (ECM) .......................................................................................................................... 35
3.5.3 Junctions (verbindingen) between cells......................................................................................................... 36
3.6 Metabolism and the energy reactions .................................................................................................................. 37
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3.6.1 Metabolic pathways ....................................................................................................................................... 37
3.6.2 Enzymen ......................................................................................................................................................... 37
3.6.3 Mitochondria.................................................................................................................................................. 38
3.6.4 Fermentation ................................................................................................................................................. 40
Chapter 4: Organisation and regulation of body systems .............................................................................................. 41
4.1 Types of tissue....................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.1.1 Connective tissue connects and supports...................................................................................................... 41
4.1.2 Muscular tissue (niet kennen)........................................................................................................................ 44
4.1.3 Nervous tissue (niet kennen) ......................................................................................................................... 44
4.1.4 Epithelial tissue (dekweefsel) ........................................................................................................................ 45
4.2 Integumentary system .......................................................................................................................................... 47
4.2.1 Delen van de huid .......................................................................................................................................... 47
4.2.2 Accessory organs of the skin .......................................................................................................................... 49
Chapter 5: Cardiovascular system – Heart and blood vessels ........................................................................................ 50
5.1 Overwiew of the cardiovasculair system .............................................................................................................. 50
5.1.1 Circulation performs exchanges (uitwisselingen) .......................................................................................... 50
5.1.2 Functies van het CS ........................................................................................................................................ 51
5.2 The types of blood vessels .................................................................................................................................... 52
5.2.1 The arteries (slagaders): from the heart ........................................................................................................ 52
5.2.2 The capillaries (haarvaten): uitwisseling ................................................................................................. 53
5.2.3 The veins (aders): to the heart ....................................................................................................................... 53
5.3 The heart is a double pump .................................................................................................................................. 54
5.3.1 Coronary Circulation: The heart’s blood supply ............................................................................................ 55
5.3.2 Passage of the blood through the heart ........................................................................................................ 57
5.3.3 The heartbeat is controlled ............................................................................................................................ 60
5.3.4 An electrocardiogram is a record of the heartbeat ....................................................................................... 61
5.4 Features of the cardiovascular system ................................................................................................................. 62
5.4.1 Pulse rate equals heart rate ........................................................................................................................... 62
5.4.2 Blood flow is regulated .................................................................................................................................. 62
5.5 The cardiovascular pathways ................................................................................................................................ 65
5.5.1 Systemic circuit .............................................................................................................................................. 66
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of life
2.1 Water and Life
LEARNING OUTCOMES
- Describe the properties of water
- Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in the properties of water
- Summarize the structure of the pH scale and the importance of buffers to biological systems
• 60-70% van hele lichaamsgewicht
• Water is een polair molecule: de waterelektronen brengen meer tijd door met het crikelen van
zuurstofatomen (oxygen atoms), dan met de waterstofatomen (hydrogen)
o Reden: zuurstof heeft groter vermogen om elektronen aan te trekken
o Polair: zuurstofuiteinde van het molecuul heeft een kleine
negatieve lading en het waterstofuiteinde een kleine positieve
lading
Electron Space-filling
model model
2.1.1 Hydrogen Bonds (waterstofbindingen)
• = aantrekken tussen – en + atomen
• Bij water is dit tussen oxygen en hydrogen atoms
• Weergegeven door stippellijn omdat het zwak is en makkelijk te breken
2.1.2 Properties (eigenschappen) of water
- Zonder binding van waterstofmoleculen, zou water bevriezen bij – 100° en koken op -91°
- Liquid at room temperature door hydrogen bonding
- Does not change temperature quickly: thermal stability
o De chemie van ons lichaam functioneert binnen een bepaalde
temperatuur (heeft te maken met eiwitten)
- Frozen water less dense (minder dicht) than liquid water (als water bevriest,
zet het uit →blikje cola ontploft in vriezer)
o Hydrogen bonds in ice are farther apart than the bonds of liquid water
Water is a solvent (oplosmiddel) for polar molecules
- Een polaire verbinding is een molecuul dat bestaat uit een chemische binding met een zodanige verdeling
van de elektronen, dat het centrum van de negatieve ladingen niet samenvalt met dat van de positieve
ladingen.
- In de moleculen van weten heb je elektronen die verdeeld worden. Watermoleculen hebben zowel een
positieve als negatieve pool. Water is een polaire oplossing waardoor het een goed oplosmiddel is voor
verschillende vloeistoffen maar ook een slecht voor andere (zoals vetten bv olie)
- Water is oplosmiddel waarmee alle reacties in ons lichaam gebeuren
- Dissolved substances are called solutes
o Bv ionenbining (binding die ontstaat door aantrekken tussen + en –
ion): sodiumchloride en water → negatieve uiteindes van
watermoleculen zijn aangetrokken tot sodiumionen en positieve
uiteinden van de watermoleculen zijn aangetrokken tot de chloride
ionen → sodium en chloride worden hierdoor gescheiden in water
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