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PYC2603 EXAMINATION PREP SUMMARY 2021
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PYC2603Adulthood and Maturity
EXAMINATION PREP NOTES
,
,PYC2603
Adulthood and Maturity
Chapter 1: Basic concepts of adult development
1.1.1 Sub stages of adulthood-
• early adulthood (20-39)
• Middle adulthood (40-59)
• Late adulthood (60-death)
1.1.2 Perspectives on age-
• Chronological age- the number of years since birth. It is purely just a measure of time and not of
developmental changes. During this time developmental changes take place differently in
individuals. Cultural factors also determine person's age.
• Psychological age-the ability to adjust to the environment and cope with challenges.
• Social age(cultural age)- determined by the degree to which one meets the expectations and
perceptions of society which are dictated by factors such as age, gender, culture and race. Eg: a
woman of 40 giving birth is seen as younger as she fulfils a social role usually fulfilled by younger
woman.
• Biological age-Physical state of a person.
• Functional age- psychological age, social age and biological age are used together to determine
an individual's total ability to function in the environment.
Research in England has shown that people over 50 are more ambitious, financially secure, less stressed,
healthy compared to their parents. (50 is the new 30) although this cannot be directly applied to other
population groups this still happens to a certain degree. For example in SA, since the abolishment of
apartheid the living conditions have improved and continue to do so. Traditionally in Africa 50-59
classifies old age whereas 60 is the cut off age in western societies. This is a result of the burden of
survival in poor communities that lead to premature aging.
Perceptions on aging:
Primary aging- universal, inevitable and caused by inborn biological factors
Secondary aging- physical deterioration sped up by a disease or external factors such as stress/health.
Tertiary aging- process of terminal decline that happens shortly before your death. Physical and
cognitive decline in a short period of time. Indicates approaching death.
Personal age- how you experience/perceive your age
Ageless self- feeling younger than your chronological age. personality remains same regardless of
chronological aging.
Gender and age- higher value is placed on women's physical appearance and reproduction. Thus making
them more anxious about aging than men. However woman feel more competent in 40’s than 30’s.
Legislation and age- the legislation of a country determines legal maturity (18 in SA) the legal definition
of age will always be the determining criterion despite not considering physical/psychological maturity.
Demographic context- we have to consider factor such as age, gender, race, education etc. when
studying adult development as it provides an important background
1.
, 1.3 The forces and influences of development (forces shape development)
-Biological forces: physical/ physiological factors that affect development: changes in physical
appearance, organs and perceptual systems, body mass and menopause etc.
- Psychological forces: cognitive, emotional and personality factors that are unique to individuals.
These can change or remain stable through aging.
- socio-cultural forces: Interpersonal,/societal /cultural forces provide the context in which we develop.
- Life cycle forces: affect the course of development positively or negatively at different points of your
life. They can be a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural forces.
All forces are interrelated and combine to influence development. Some are common while others are
unique to individuals. Paul Bates identified set of influences that affect development.
- Normative age-graded influences-Experiences caused by biological (menopause, hearing impairment),
psychological (adjusting to life changes, responsibilities, retirement) and social-cultural forces (marriage,
birth, career building) associated with chronological age. Events occur at the appropriate age according
to your culture they are considered on time in terms of the social clock. However the social clock has
become broader.
-normative history-graded influences-People with the same culture experience events at the same
time. They can be biological (Aids), Psychological (stereotyping) or sociocultural( attitudes towards
social problems like crime). Fees may even have a worldwide influence such as globalisation.
Non-normative influences- result for events that only affect an individual such as a disease or using
one's job. They are unpredictable and unique thus can change ones is life in an instant. These are not
related to age however the influence on development depends on the age at which the event occurs.
Different effects can occur at different ages.
1.5 Domains of Development (interrelated)
• Physical development- changes in biological systems and structures of the body(nervous system)
• cognitive development- changes in mental functioning(memory)
• personality development-unique way individuals deal with the world(emotions)
• Social Development- changes in person's social world(relationships/social roles)
There are questions about determinants of development (factors that influence developmental
changes). Experimental and correlational research suits these questions.
There are questions about developmental changes (changes that happen with an increase in age)
Difficult to distinguish between different kinds of change (natural/automatic). Thus different research
designs have been developed for this purpose
- Longitudinal design
• the same sample is studied at different stages over a period of time.
• all aspects of behaviour can be studied
• all methods of research can be used
• The only way to answer questions on continuity/ discontinuity of behaviour
cons
• Long-term research can be expensive
• It is a big task contact the participants on many occasions
2.
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