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Summary chapters Developmental Biology of Plants and Animals

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Course
EZO-22306 Developmental Biology of Plants and Animals (EZO22306)

Institution
Wageningen University (WUR)

Book
Molecular Biology of the Cell

I made a summary of each of the chapters of the course Developmental Biology of Plants and Animals.

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Summarized whole book? Yes
Uploaded on January 14, 2021
File latest updated on January 14, 2021
Number of pages 18
Written in 2018/2019
Type Summary

cells
developmental biology
vegetative growth
reproduction
pattern formation
segmentation
axes
symmetry
asymmetry
meristem activity
organogenesis
differentiation
fertilization
plant and animal develop

Book Title:Molecular Biology of the Cell

Author(s):Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson

Edition:december 2014
ISBN:9780815344643
Edition:6

Institution
Wageningen University (WUR)
Education
Biologie
Course
EZO-22306 Developmental Biology of Plants and Animals (EZO22306)

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Samenvatting – Hoofdstuk 1 – EZO-22306
1.1.1
Before oogenesis begins – oogonium divides - 15 nurse cells and 1 oocyte precursor (at posterior
site of the egg chamber) are formed.

Anterior-posterior polarity in oocyte

 Gurken - synthesized by nurse cells – transported to oocyte nucleus – translated to Gurken
protein – oocyte nucleus is very near posterior end of egg chamber – Gurken signal received
by follicle cells through torpedo gene (receptor protein)  results in posteriorization of
follicle cells.  following Par-1 protein (at posterior site oocyte) organises microtubules
(grow from ant. To post.).
PAR proteins are initially uniformly distributed in cytoplasm, but become concentrated in
posterior pole of oocyte.
 Oskar – translated at posterior site
- recruits more par-1 protein

So microtubular rearrangement + increase in oocyte volume
increase in oocyte volume  transfer of bicoid mRNA’s + nanos from nurse cells.

Dorsal-ventral Patterning in oocyte
nucleus moves anteriorly – determines dorsal position

Gurken signal has short diffusibility, only the dorsal follicle cells receive signal – dorsal morphology –
inhibits synthesis of pipe protein- pipe protein only made by ventral follicle cells.
Pipe activates Nudel protein – Nudel acgivates proteases – are products of gastrulation defective etc.
 cascade reactions  results in cleaved Spätzle protein, binding to Toll receptor – ventralizes cell.

1.1.2
Dorsal, the ventral morphogen

Dorsal gene – placed in oocyte by nurse cells
- when translated – found throughout the embryo
- translocated into nuclei in ventral part embryo - acts as transcription factor
- if Dorsal does not enter nucleus – the genes and all cells become dorsal cells
- in mutants in which all cells have ventral phenotype, Dorsal is found in every nucleus
Establishing a nuclear Dorsal Gradient

Dorsal produced – complexed with Cactus in cytoplasm syncytial blastoderm – if Cactus bound to it
Dorsal remains in cytoplasm – separation of Dorsal from Cactus is initiated Toll receptor – Toll is
activated by Spätzle protein, that is highest in ventral region, so Dorsal translocation also in ventral
cells – highest concentration Dorsal in ventral cell nuclei.

Effects Dorsal protein gradient

Dorsal protein specifies cells to become mesoderm in 2 ways:
1. The protein activated genes that create mesodermal phenotype
target genes: twist, snail, fgf8, fgf8 receptor, rhomboid
Twist: activates mesodermal gene, Snail: represses mesodermal genes, Rhomboid and fgf8:
activated by Dorsal, but repressed by snail and are not expressed in most ventral cells, but expressed

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