NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Cancer | Module Objectives with Advanced Organizers

NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Cancer Module Objectives with Advanced Organizers Cancer 1. Examine the basic concepts of cancer nomenclature and biology. a. Identify the cancer types which produce the tumor markers alpha fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, beta human chorionic gonadotropin, and prostate specific antigen. Tumor Marker Origin Alpha Fetoprotein Liver and Germ Cells Carcinoembryonic Antigen GI, Pancreas, Lung, Breast, etc Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin Germ Cells Prostate Specific Antigen Prostate b. Identify the origins of a cancer based on the following cancer nomenclature: Carcino-, sarco-, -oma, -blastoma, and carcinoma in situ. Term Definition Example Carcino- (prefix) Epithelial tissue Breast, prostate, lung, pancreas, and colon Sarco- (prefix) Tissue (connective and supportive) Bone, fat, muscle, nerve, and other connective tissues examples: osteosarcoma (malignancy of bone), liposarcoma (fat) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor -oma (suffix) Tumor Carcinoma in Situ Preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin Cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, bronchus. In glandular epithelium it occurs in the stomach, endometrium, breast, and large bowel -blastoma (suffix) Type of cancer, more common in children, that is caused by malignances in precursor cells, blasts. Tumor of primitive, incompletely differentiated (or precursor) cells. Nephroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - e. Explain the TNM staging system for cancers and describe its significance for clinical practice. i. A four-stage system is used, with carcinoma in situ regarded as a special case. 1. Stage 1: cancer is confined to the organ of origin 2. Stage 2: cancer that is locally invasive 3. Stage 3: cancer that has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes 4. Stage 4: cancer that has spread to distant sites, such as a liver cancer spreading to the lung or a prostate cancer spreading to the bone ii. WHO’s TNM System: this is important for clinical practice because the severity of the cancer determines the course of treatment and prognosis. 1. T= Tumor Spread 2. N= Node Involvement 3. M=Metastases (distant metastasis is present) a. Breast Cancer Example i. T= Primary tumor, the number equals size of tumor and its local extent 1. T0 = Breast free of tumor 2. T1 = Lesion 2 cm in size 3. T2 = Lesion 2-5 cm in size 4. T3 = Skin and/or chest wall involved by invasion ii. N = Lymph node involvement; a higher number means more notes are involved 1. N0 = No axillary nodes involved 2. N1 = Mobile nodes involved 3. N2 = Fixed nodes involved iii. M = Extent of distant metastases 1. M0 = No metastases 2. M1 = Demonstrable metastases 3. M2 = Suspected metastases