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Summary English Grammar and Proficiency -

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The theory given in class. English and proficiency.

Last document update: 3 year ago

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  • January 20, 2021
  • January 28, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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2020-2021



English:
Grammar and Proficiency
A. Gagiano
Introduction
 Grammar can be defined as a set of patterns for how words are put together.
 A dialect of a given language may become the standard variety of that language mostly due to
coincidental factors, and often due to being spoken by the people in power.
 The spoken version of a language has its own grammar and regularities, which have evolved to serve
the needs of the speakers who use it.



Descriptivism versus prescriptivism



DE- PRE-
 do not give advice  are judgmental and attempt to change
 they explain the ways in which native linguistic behavior
speakers use their language
 differs in each century
 = survey of a language




Parts of speech/Word classes
Lexical: provide content = form class words
Functional: provide structure; explain the grammatical relationship = structure-class words
Open: new words can be added
Closed: new words cannot be added




Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Articles (watch out !), Pronouns, Linking words/phrases

, 2020-2021

 There is no single way of analyzing words into classes. Items may belong to more than one class.



Unit 2: Parts of a sentence
 Subject + verb (+object)
 Clauses
1. Main clause
 May only consist of a main clause
 Subject and verb
 Makes sense on its own
2. Co-ordinated clauses
 Two main clauses
 Each making sense on their own
 Linked by conjunction, such as and, but or so.
= compound sentence
3. Dependent clauses
 May consist of a main clause and one or more dependent clauses
 Participle clause – Relative clause
 Founded in 1922 – which was founded in 1922
= do not make sense on their own



Unit 4: Correct tense formation



Past Simple Present Perfect
 If you are referring to a time in the past and  When the time mentioned includes the
talking about something that was past and the present
completed at that time Have/has asked
Asked




Past Continuous Present Perfect Continuous
 Describes an action or situation continuing  Is used for something continuing for a
at a particular point in the past period of time starting in the past and still
Were dealing happening now
Have/has been dealing




Past Perfect Past perfect continuous
 Refers to something that happened before  Used for something that continued for a
or until a particular time in the past period of time before a particular point in
Had risen the past
Had been rising

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