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English Phonetics Phonology Summary

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- includes all topics being potentially relevant to the examination (judged at my own discretion, no guarantee of completeness) - includes all sessions (of summer term 2020) - summary of all topics being discussed in the seminar - illustrated by images + graphics

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  • January 21, 2021
  • January 21, 2021
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Exam Preparation English Phonetics & Phonology (Mrs. Quick)

Phonetics & Phonology – What is the difference?

1. Phonetics

o describes + analyses sounds humans use in language in objective way,
o deals w. production, properties + perception of speech sounds
→ objective way of describing sounds

o subfields:

1. articulatory phonetics

= organs + muscles used by speakers to produce speech


2. acoustic phonetics

= physical properties of speech sounds as travelling in air betw. speaker’s
mouth + listener’s ear


3. auditory (Gehör) phonetics

= effects, sounds have, when reaching listener’s ear + brain



2. Phonology

o = systematic organization of sounds in languages,
o how speech sounds form patterns in 1 particular language
→ e.g.: function of a sound in 1 language + which sounds = combineable

o subfields:

1. segmental phonology

→ deals w. speech sounds
→ phonemic inventory/phonotactics

,2. suprasegmental phonology

= concerned w. larger units: syllables, words + IP’s
→ stress/rhythm
→ intonation ("pitch contour"/"pitch movement")



Minimal Pairs

o minimal pairs = 2 words w. exact same number of sounds, ONLY 1 different
→ changes meaning
→ e.g. sɪk - θɪk (sick – thick)
vs. θɪk–θi:m (thick – theme) same number of sounds, but: NOT only 1 different




Phones, Phonemes & Allophones

o phones = (actual) speech sounds
→ e.g. [f], [v], [iː], [t], [th], [l], [ɫ]

o phonemes = abstractions over speech sounds
→ = smallest linguistic unit distinguishing forms w. different meanings
→ e.g. /f/, /v/, /iː/, /t/, /l/

o allophone = 1 of several phonetic realisations of a phoneme
→ [l] + [ɫ] = allophones of phoneme /l/




Allophones (Phonemvarianten)

= different realizations of a phoneme (Phonemvarianten)

→ e.g. English plural:

/s/ (phoneme) → [s], [z], [ɪz] (allophones)
hat, bags, faces → hæts, bægz, feɪsɪz

, o Complementary distribution (komplementäre Verteilung)
= allophones occur exclusively in 1 specific phonetic context
→ there’s a rule when which allophone = used

e.g.
o same phoneme: /r/
o different allophones: [ɹ] & [ɹ]̥

→ [ɹ]: AFTER VL consonants, e.g. trip
→ [ɹ]: in all other contexts, e.g. wrap


→ phonological rules, e.g. aspiration:

• plosive [– voice] : /p,t,k/ → aspirated / #__ [V] (= @ word beginning)
• plosive [– voice] : /p,t,k/ → unaspirated / elsewhere

e.g. Peter Parker
Spider Man

→ predictable distribution



o Free variation
= typical f. dialects
→ e.g. vase: /vaːz/ /vɔːz/ /veɪz/

→ some words: > 1 pronunciaton

e.g.
variation of German: ʁ, R, ɹ
→ Zungenspitzen /r/ vs. Zäpfchen /r/



Allophonic variation

o allophones = different phoneme realizations (pronunciations)
→ NO meaning change!

o in contrast to phonemes:

◦ NO minimal pair contrast
◦ phonetic similarity

o enclosed in […] → concrete utterance

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