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Abi Biologie Zusammenfassung
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Eine Zusammenfassung für das Abitur, dass ich mit meinem Biologie Leistungskurs zusammengetragen habe.
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Biologie LKZusammenfassung
Abitur 2020
, Zusammenfassung Biologie LK 1
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Genetik __________________________________________________________________ 4
DNA _________________________________________________________________________ 4
RNA __________________________________________________________________________ 4
Replikation ___________________________________________________________________ 5
Polymerase-Ketten-Reaktion (PCR) ____________________________________________ 5
Genwirkketten ________________________________________________________________ 6
Vom Gen zum Genprodukt ____________________________________________________ 7
Proteinbiosynthese ____________________________________________________________ 8
Genetischer Code _________________________________________________________________ 8
Proteinbiosynthese _________________________________________________________________ 8
Translation _________________________________________________________________________ 9
Genregulation _______________________________________________________________ 11
Genregulation bei Prokaryoten _____________________________________________________ 11
Genregulation bei Eukaryoten _____________________________________________________ 12
Krebs _______________________________________________________________________ 13
Mutationsformen _____________________________________________________________ 15
Chromosomenmutation ___________________________________________________________ 15
Genommutation __________________________________________________________________ 15
Genmutation _____________________________________________________________________ 16
Zellteilung ___________________________________________________________________ 17
Mitose ____________________________________________________________________________ 17
Meiose ___________________________________________________________________________ 17
Stammbaumanalyse _________________________________________________________ 18
Vererbungsgänge _________________________________________________________________ 18
Genkopplung bei Erbkrankheiten ___________________________________________________ 21
Epigenetik ___________________________________________________________________ 22
Stammzellen ________________________________________________________________ 23
Vorgehen bei einer ethischen Bewertung _____________________________________ 23
Molekulargenetische Werkzeuge _____________________________________________ 24
Vektoren __________________________________________________________________________ 24
Plasmide __________________________________________________________________________ 24
Restriktionsenzyme ________________________________________________________________ 24
CRISPR/Cas _______________________________________________________________________ 25
Transgene Lebensmittel ______________________________________________________ 25
Gentechnische Verfahren ____________________________________________________ 27
Gelelektrophorese_________________________________________________________________ 28
DNA-Chips ________________________________________________________________________ 28
DNA-Sequenzierung _______________________________________________________________ 29
, Zusammenfassung Biologie LK 2
Ökologie ________________________________________________________________ 31
Umweltfaktoren ______________________________________________________________ 31
Wirkungsgefüge _____________________________________________________________ 31
Abiotischer Faktor Wasser ____________________________________________________ 32
Pflanzen: __________________________________________________________________________ 32
Tiere: _____________________________________________________________________________ 33
Abiotischer Faktor Temperatur ________________________________________________ 33
Pflanzen: __________________________________________________________________________ 33
Tiere ______________________________________________________________________________ 34
Abiotischer Faktor Licht ______________________________________________________ 35
Jahres- und Tageszeiten ___________________________________________________________ 35
Pflanzen __________________________________________________________________________ 35
Tiere ______________________________________________________________________________ 35
Bioindikatoren _______________________________________________________________ 36
Fotosynthese ________________________________________________________________ 37
Entdeckung der Fotosynthese ______________________________________________________ 37
Lichtreaktion ______________________________________________________________________ 38
Dunkelreaktion ____________________________________________________________________ 40
C4-Pflanzen _______________________________________________________________________ 40
CAM-Pflanzen _____________________________________________________________________ 41
Abhängigkeit der Fotosynthese von Außenfaktoren ____________________________ 42
Ökologische Nische _________________________________________________________ 43
Biotische Faktoren ___________________________________________________________ 43
Dichteabhängige Faktoren ________________________________________________________ 43
Dichteunabhängige Faktoren ______________________________________________________ 43
Koexistenz ________________________________________________________________________ 44
Fortpflanzungsstrategien ___________________________________________________________ 44
Populationsdynamik _______________________________________________________________ 44
Lotka-Volterra-Modell ______________________________________________________________ 45
Symbiose _________________________________________________________________________ 47
Parasitismus _______________________________________________________________________ 47
Konkurrenz ________________________________________________________________________ 47
Generalisten und Spezialisten ______________________________________________________ 48
Mimikry-Mimese-Tarnung ___________________________________________________________ 49
Sukzessive Veränderung eines Ökosystems ___________________________________ 50
Energetische und stoffliche Beziehung ________________________________________ 50
Invasive Arten _______________________________________________________________ 52
Anthropologische Faktoren (Stoffkreislauf) _____________________________________ 53
Schädlingsbekämpfung ______________________________________________________ 54
Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung ________________________________________________ 54
Biotechnische Schädlingsbekämpfung _____________________________________________ 54
Chemische Schädlingsbekämpfung ________________________________________________ 54
, Zusammenfassung Biologie LK 3
Evolution ________________________________________________________________ 55
Systematik und Binäre Nomenklatur __________________________________________ 55
Binäre Nomenklatur _______________________________________________________________ 55
Systematik ________________________________________________________________________ 55
Artbildung ___________________________________________________________________ 55
Definition Art ______________________________________________________________________ 55
➢ Allopatrische Artbildung _______________________________________________________ 56
➢ Peripatrische Artbildung _______________________________________________________ 56
➢ Sympatrische Artenbildung ____________________________________________________ 56
Adaptive Radiation________________________________________________________________ 56
Isolationsmechanismen ____________________________________________________________ 57
Evolutionstheorien ___________________________________________________________ 58
Synthetische Evolutionstheorie______________________________________________________ 58
Darwins Theorie ___________________________________________________________________ 58
Lamarcks Theorie __________________________________________________________________ 59
Fitness_______________________________________________________________________ 59
Evolutionsfaktoren ___________________________________________________________ 59
Mutation __________________________________________________________________________ 59
Rekombination ____________________________________________________________________ 60
Selektion __________________________________________________________________________ 60
Gendrift __________________________________________________________________________ 61
Belege für die Evolution ______________________________________________________ 62
Homologie Kriterien ________________________________________________________________ 62
Atavismus _________________________________________________________________________ 62
Rudimente ________________________________________________________________________ 63
Embryonen _______________________________________________________________________ 63
Parasiten _________________________________________________________________________ 63
Geographie ______________________________________________________________________ 63
Serum-Präzipitin-Test _______________________________________________________________ 64
Cytochrom C _____________________________________________________________________ 64
DNA-Hybridisierung ________________________________________________________________ 65
Mitochondriale DNA _______________________________________________________________ 65
Coevolution _________________________________________________________________ 65
Evolution des Menschen _____________________________________________________ 66
Unterschied Mensch-Schimpanse-Australopithecus __________________________________ 66
Aufrechter Gang __________________________________________________________________ 67
Soziale Strukturen ____________________________________________________________ 67
Definition _________________________________________________________________________ 67
Sozialverhalten ____________________________________________________________________ 67
Paarungssysteme __________________________________________________________________ 68
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