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Summary of 5 pages for the course Introduction to Pyschology at (notes)
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Week 13 notesDepressive and Bipolar disorders -
Moods or emotions that are extreme or unwarranted
Depressive episodes
Manic episodes
Or both depressive and manic episodes
Major depressive episodes
Overwhelming sadness, despair, hopelessness, no pleasure
Psychotic depression = delusions, hallucinations
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) = milder but chronic.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) = depression triggered by seasons, light deficiency
Bipolar disorder = manic episodes and depression, with normal periods in between.
Manic episodes = excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism,
hyperactivity.
Biological causes = genetic inheritance, brain chemistry
Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine.
Cognitive causes = depression from distortions in thinking.
Cognitive distortions in thinking =
Focus on dysfunctional/distorted thinking and how view world around them
Cognitive theory (Beck) -
Cognitive triad of depression - negative beliefs about oneself, environment, future
Cognitive schemas (mental templates), automatic thoughts
Cognitive distortions (error in thinking) - 10 associated with depression.
All or nothing thinking
Over generalization
Mental filter
Disqualifying the positive
Jumping to conclusions.
Magnification and minimization
Emotional reasoning
Should statements
Labelling and mislabelling
Personalization
, Suicide =
Who? - the face of suicide
One of leading causes of death from adolescence to midle age, men and women,
middle-aged and older men.
More women attempt (1.5:1), more men succeed (4:1)
Why? - causes
See no other way out
Association with major depression or bipolar disorder
Connection with other psychological disorders e.g. alcoholism, drug-dependence,
schizophrenia, personality disorders.
Stress especially “exit events” - less coping skills to look for alternatives
Predicting - not an exact science
Hopelessness is a predictor
90% left clear clues
Sudden calm
Prevention - have person seek help of professional. If they won’t:
1- draw person out
2- be sympathetic
3- suggest other solutions to problems
4- ask how they plan to commit suicide
5- suggest you accompany them to a professional
6- don’t say degrading remarks
7- don’t press them to contact specific people
Other psychological disorders -
Personality disorders -
Enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour deviating from cultural
expectations
Inflexible: onset in adolescence or early adulthood; stable
Leads to distress or impairment
Cluster A - Odd Behaviour (symptoms)
Paranoid
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