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Drugs and Behaviour Psychology - Part 5 Lecture Notes
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Drugs and Behaviour Psychology - Part 5 Lecture Notes
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Drugs and Behaviour - Andy ParrottLecture 5: Cigarette and Nicotine – 18th October 2016
Overview:
Tobacco use – Incidence and adverse health effects
Nicotine dependency: Positive resource model
Nicotine dependency: Deprivation reversal model
Mood modulation patterns in regular smokers
Smoking initiation during adolescence,
Smoking cessation in adulthood: Mood and health effects
Cigarette smoking & nicotine dependency: Overview
Tobacco use: Incidence and health effects
Nicotine use: 16% adults..... a steady national reduction
Cigarette acidic - Best absorption from lungs.. Nicotine on tar droplets -
high correlation between tar and nicotine content. Subtle self-
titration...deep-shallow..7-10 secs lungs-brain. Lung cancers. Heart disease
and gangrene from CO.
Cigars/pipes - Basic absorbed form mouth. Mouth cancers
Chewing tobacco 12 million in USA. 3-4 tines/week. Abstinence similar to
smokers. Cancers of jaw and lips within +10 years (far more rapid than lung
cancer)
Nicotine inhalers not as bad as cigarettes, but an expensive and
functionally useless addiction. Not getting carbon monoxide or tars so not
, likely to cause cancers but it is mixed with a lot of other chemicals instead,
not only nicotine as it is an irritant to the lungs.
Tobacco smoke: Unhealthy constituents
Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of different chemicals. Over 400
chemicals have been measured in unadulterated tobacco smoke; yet
tobacco companies add additional chemicals, such as ammonia, in order to
intensify the nicotine hit.
Carbon monoxide and tar are the two constituents of most concern in
terms of health.
Carbon monoxide (CO): Reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
(15% by end of day). The CO2 is readily taken up by the haemoglobin in the
red corpuscles of the blood. The primary function of haemoglobin is to
combine with oxygen (forming oxyhaemoglobin) and to transport it around
to the tissues. The oxygen is then released, where it is utilized by cells for
metabolism. Without oxygen, cannot form these reactions that release
energy and the cell will eventually die. CO2 binds more readily to
haemoglobin than oxygen does and so this leads to oxygen deficiencies as a
proportion of the haemoglobin is taken up by CO2. This leads to cell death
in the regions with the smallest blood vessels, the peripheral tissues. Leads
to gangrene, limb amputation, heart disease, premature skin ageing, sexual
impotence. If you stop smoking then it can improve blood circulation and
can improve condition as blood supply rapidly improves. The two factors of
premature skin ageing and sexual impotence are good for teaching in
schools as these two factors are strong to children in schools. Blood supply
, to penis is reduced, eventually causing erectile dysfunction and sexual
impotence. Damaged micro-capilliaries in the heart and other parts of the
body. Tobacco smoke reduces the supply to the heart through the micro
capillaries cardiac arrest, heart attack. Doll and Peto (1976) reported the
following incidence rates for heart disease (in the under 45 age group): 7 in
100,000 of non-smokers, 41 in 100,000 of light smokers and 104 in 100,00
in heavy smokers.
o Prescott et al. (1997): Recent findings suggest that females may be
more susceptible than males to the deleterious influence of tobacco
smoking in developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD). This paper studies the interaction of gender and smoking on
development of COPD as assessed by lung function and hospital
admission. After adjusting for smoking in more detail, females in
both cohorts had an increased risk of hospitalization for COPD
compared to males. In two independent population samples,
smoking had greater impact on the lung function of females than
males, and after adjusting for smoking females subsequently suffered
a higher risk of being admitted to hospital for COPD. Results suggest
that adverse effects of smoking on lung function may be greater in
females than in males.
Can also affect brain functioning leading to higher rates of cerebrovascular
stroke. CO2 crosses the placenta so the foetus suffers from oxygen deficits
in its developing tissues: Pregnant smokers have higher rates of stillborn
babies, underweight babies or complications post-natally, the placenta is
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