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Mens&Techniek Samenvatting Kritisch denken leerjaar 1, periode 1+2 $3.23   Add to cart

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Mens&Techniek Samenvatting Kritisch denken leerjaar 1, periode 1+2

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Alle lesstof van het vak kritisch denken inc. uitleg, voorbeelden en oefenvragen

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  • January 25, 2021
  • January 26, 2021
  • 22
  • 2020/2021
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Kritisch denken
Leerjaar 1, periode 1&2


Kritisch denken
Contents
1. Kritisch denken................................................................................................................................ 4
2. Denkproces: deductie vs inductie ................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Deductief denken .................................................................................................................... 5
Voorbeeld deductief denken .......................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Inductief denken ..................................................................................................................... 5
Voorbeeld inductief denken ........................................................................................................... 5
3. Waarnemen vs observeren ............................................................................................................. 6
3.1. Waarnemen ............................................................................................................................ 6
Voorbeeld waarnemen ................................................................................................................... 6
3.2. Observeren.............................................................................................................................. 6
4. Subjectief vs objectief ..................................................................................................................... 6
4.1. Subjectief ................................................................................................................................ 6
4.2. Objectief.................................................................................................................................. 6
Voorbeeld subjectief of objectief?.................................................................................................. 6
5. Denktypen ....................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1. Type 1 denken ......................................................................................................................... 7
Voorbeeld type 1............................................................................................................................. 7
5.2. Type 2 denken ......................................................................................................................... 7
Voorbeeld type 2............................................................................................................................. 7
6. Denkhoudingen ............................................................................................................................... 8
6.1. Dogmatisme ............................................................................................................................ 8
Voorbeelden dogmatisme .............................................................................................................. 8
6.2. Flexibiliteit ............................................................................................................................... 8
Voorbeeld flexibiliteit ..................................................................................................................... 8
6.3. Identificatie met overtuiging .................................................................................................. 8
Voorbeeld identificatie met overtuiging ......................................................................................... 9
6.4. Openheid en waarden ............................................................................................................ 9
6.5. Categorisch denken................................................................................................................. 9
Voorbeelden categorisch denken ................................................................................................... 9
6.6. Anders feitelijk denken ........................................................................................................... 9
Voorbeeld anders feitelijk denken .................................................................................................. 9
7. Mens als intuïtieve wetenschapper ................................................................................................ 9


1

, Kritisch denken
Leerjaar 1, periode 1&2

Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................ 9
7.1. Wetenschap vs de mens ......................................................................................................... 9
8. Heuristiek(en)................................................................................................................................ 10
Voorbeeld heuristiek..................................................................................................................... 10
Voorbeelden tekortkomingen heuristieken.................................................................................. 10
Beperkingen heuristieken ............................................................................................................. 10
Categorieën ................................................................................................................................... 10
8.1. Framing ................................................................................................................................. 11
Voorbeelden framing .................................................................................................................... 11
8.2. Loss aversion ......................................................................................................................... 11
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 11
8.3. Sunk-cost fallacy ................................................................................................................... 11
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 11
8.4. Base-rate fallacy .................................................................................................................... 12
Voorbeeld...................................................................................................................................... 12
8.5. Conjuction fallacy .................................................................................................................. 12
Voorbeeld...................................................................................................................................... 12
8.6. Causale fout .......................................................................................................................... 12
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 12
8.7. Denkfouten van de consument............................................................................................. 12
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 12
8.8. Availability heuristiek ............................................................................................................ 13
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 13
9. Logisch........................................................................................................................................... 13
10. Drogredenering ......................................................................................................................... 13
10.1. Onjuist beroep op autoriteit ............................................................................................. 13
10.2. Vals dilemma ..................................................................................................................... 14
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 14
10.3. Onjuist oorzakelijk verband .............................................................................................. 14
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 14
10.4. Overhaaste generalisatie .................................................................................................. 14
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 14
10.5. Als-dan-redenering ........................................................................................................... 14
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 14
10.6. Syllogismen ....................................................................................................................... 15
Voorbeeld...................................................................................................................................... 15

2

, Kritisch denken
Leerjaar 1, periode 1&2

11. Priming ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................. 17
12. Vragen ....................................................................................................................................... 17
13. Antwoorden .............................................................................................................................. 21




3

, Kritisch denken
Leerjaar 1, periode 1&2

1. Kritisch denken
Kritisch denken = redeneren en reflecteren voordat je een standpunt inneemt of een besluit neemt
hoe te handelen en dat je kunt verklaren waarop dat standpunt/besluit is gebaseerd.

Redeneren = weloverwogen denkproces waarin je op grond van info tot een conclusie komt



Waarom is kritisch denken belangrijk?

• Weloverwogen beslissing(en) nemen zonder bevooroordeeld te zijn
• Veelheid info die we ontvangen juist hanteren
• Doorgronden van leerstof en kunnen toepassen in verschillende contexten
• Blijven leren
• Nodig voor een onderzoekende houding
• Respectvolle en rationele bijdrage leveren aan onze democratische samenleving
• Ondersteuning van de overgang van studietijd naar volwassen leven

! Dus zorgvuldig afwegingen kunnen maken + verantwoorde beslissingen nemen  Niet alles voor
waarheid aannemen



Stappen

1. Denken
2. Redeneren
3. Argumenteren



Gevorderde kritische denker:

• Bekend met meeste of alle vormen heuristiek
• Voorkom jumping to conclusions door het tijdig herkennen en eventueel toepassen van
technieken om de effecten van je mentale mechanisme te minimaliseren.




4

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