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Summary Animal Breeding And Genetics

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Reader summarized; all chapters except 12, because H12 is self study and is on brightspace.

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  • January 25, 2021
  • 27
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary
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lOMoARcPSD|2392027




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Week 1
Ch1: Introduction
Animal breeding -> selecting animals to be parents of next generation

 Improve genetic level of population
 Maintain genetic diversity
 Involves:
- Selective breeding (domestic) animals
- Intention to improve desirable qualities next generation

Selective breeding => only using animals that passed quality criterion

Traits -> something you can observe on animals

 Everything you can measure
 Heritable
 Variation in phenotype is linked to variation in DNA



Application of animal breeding:

o Feeding world in sustainable way with genetic improvement & improved management
o More than ½ of improvement in milk production is due to genetics

Achieving genetic improvement

 Artificial selection of best animals
 Next generation better than current
 Improvement across generations is cumulative (increasing more and more)



Inbreeding

o Number of available animals limited
o Not necessarily bad, if not too strong
o Mating of relatives
- Loss of genetic variation
- Inbreeding depression -> lower production levels

Crossbreeding

o Opposite of inbreeding
o Hybrid vigour or heterosis
o Crossbred is doing better than average of parents


Phenotype depends on:

o Genetic background
o External circumstances (e.g. nutrition)




Gedownload door Michou Weimar (michoumelody@live.nl)

, lOMoARcPSD|2392027




Wondershare
Verwijder Watermerk
PDFelement




Natural selection

o Environment determines survival & reproductive success
o Animal breeding = artificial selection + natural selection



Domestication

 1st domesticated -> dogs
 Perquisites:
1. Naturally calm
2. Able to adapt to type of feed offered by humans
3. Recognize human as superior

Ch2 Breeding goal & breeding program (step 1&2)
Breeding program steps

Breeding program = organized structure set
up in order to realize desired genetic
improvement of population




Production system (1)

 Before breeding:
- Circumstances animals are kept in = production system
- Direction in which you want to go = breeding goal (determined by production system)
 Describing production system:
- Geographical location -> climate
- Purpose of animal -> production, companion, sport, working, saving
- Animal species & breed (dog -> border collie)



Breeding goal (2)

1. Traits you want to improve/ combination of specific traits
2. Desired direction of change over generations
3. Relative emphasis on each trait

Defining breeding goal:

o Determine traits -> breeding value




Gedownload door Michou Weimar (michoumelody@live.nl)

, lOMoARcPSD|2392027




Wondershare
Verwijder Watermerk
PDFelement




- Economic
- Non-economic
o Weigh traits into single criterion
o Goal should be directed to future (5yrs)!
- No milk quota, phosphate system
- Ban on cages and castration



Breeding value => measure of genetic merit of animal

o Indication of performance offspring
o Example:
- Bull with breeding value of +1000kg milk
- Daughters expected to produce +500kg milk (½) than daughters average bull



Breeding goal as single criterion

o H=v 1 A 1+ v 2 A 2+ …
- H = breeding goal
- v1 = value trait 1
v2 = value trait 2
- A1 = breeding value trait 1 (measured)
- A2 = breeding value trait 2
E.g Inet = 0.3 x Akg lactose + 2.1 x Akg fat + 4.1 x Akg protein
o Usually > 1 trait
o Inclusion of traits depends on importance
o Breeding goals expressed as single value -> easier to rank individuals
o H = true breeding value -> can not be measured, has to be estimated
 H = aggregate genotype



Economic values

 Economic value => expected net profit of improving trait with 1 unit (e.g. kg)
 Breeding goal based on profit model of production system
 Economic value = revenues (profit) – costs (e.g. feed)
 Expected net profit = economic value => (partial) derivative profit function
- Revenues = 2.2 euro
Feed costs = 1.0 euro
Other costs = 0.1 euro
- Profit function: p(x) = 2.2x – 1.0x – 0.1x = 1.1x
- Economic value = 1.1



Non-economic values

o Ethical aspects
- Welfare




Gedownload door Michou Weimar (michoumelody@live.nl)

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